Bilderberg: Historical Membership Plus Biographies

Source(s): 1970-1971, 1974, 2007 lists.

Defense secretary advisor. Director Belfer Center. Dean John F. Kennedy School at Harvard.

Source(s): 1982-1985, 1987-1990, 1992-1996 lists.

CEO Archer Daniels Midland (ADM) 1971-1997. Andreas had a long history of illegal political campaign contributions. The company itself received the biggest anti-trust fine in history in 1996 with $100 million.

Source(s): 1997 list.

U.S. Ambassador to Japan. President Brookings Institution.

Source(s): 1954-1993 lists; 1956 paper, Joseph Retinger, 'The Bilderberg Group' (steering committee); princeton.edu, 'George W. Ball Papers, 1880s-1994 (bulk 1933-1994): Finding Aid. MC031.': "[Ball] attended every [Bilderberg] meeting except for one before his death. Ball considered Bilderberg to be the most useful organization to which he belonged."

Member Chicago Council on Foreign Affairs (CCFR) since about 1940, together with fellow law firm partner Adlai Stevenson, making him interested in foreign policy. Co-founder EU system with Jean Monnet in the late 1940s and early 1950s. Permanent member Bilderberg 1954-1993. Senior partner Lehman Brothers 1966-1968, 1969-1982. Pilgrims Society late 1960s to mid 1970s. Trilateral Commission roughly 1975-1980.

1962, Alden Hatch, 'H. R. H. Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands: An Authorized Biography', pp. 103, 214-217: "The present American Government is even closer to Bilderberg because President Kennedy has virtually staffed the State Department with what C.D. Jackson calls "Bilderberg alumni"-Secretary of State [1961-1969] Dean Rusk, Under-Secretary of State [1961-1966] George W. Ball, [Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs] George McGhee, [State Department Counselor 1961-1966 and National Security Advisor 1966-1969] Walter Rostow, [National Security Advisor 1961-1966] McGeorge Bundy, [U.S. chair of the Geneva Disarmament Committee] Arthur Dean, and [Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs] Paul H. Nitze over at Defence. However, the Steering Committee tries to keep a fairly even balance between Republicans and Democrats.
Mr Ball recently said, "I think the most useful feature of the Bilderberg meetings is the opportunity for responsible people in industry, statecraft, or politics to have a frank discussion where they will not be publicly quoted and are able to give their personal views without their remarks being considered official. This is unique and without parallel. The character of the meetings has been shaped by the very devoted and astute leadership of Prince Bernhard himself. Without his special position, intelligence and goodwill nothing like this could come about. I certainly hope to continue to go to the meetings. So does Dean Rusk.""

Mid 1960s, George Ball to the U.S. Chamber of Commerce (quoted, amongst others, in: 1975, Cy Gonick, 'Inflation Or Depression', p. 67.): "The multinational corporation is ahead of, and in conflict with existing political organizations represented by the nation states. Major obstacles to the multinational corporation are evident in Western Europe and Canada, and a good part of the developing world."

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1972, Richard J. Barnet (Kennedy administration official who was a founder of the "liberal CIA", "new left" Institute for Policy Studies), 'Roots of War': "American self-righteousness [is tied to] American obsession with communism. [Americans] are made uncomfortable by diversity [and have an] insatiable desire for prestige abroad. ... The Nation-state if obsolete. Patriotism is old-fashioned. ... The shrewd executive believes that national identification is an encumbrance. ... George Ball, Herman Kahn, and other celebrators of the multinational corporation proclaim the dawn of a new era in international relations. The corporation has outgrown the state, ushering in what Robert Heilbroner calls a 'businessman's peace'."

February 10, 1966, 14:30-16:29 afternoon session, Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan, Woodrow Lloyd (premier Saskatchewan 1961-1964, leader of the opposition 1964-1970): "[This is a] statement made by the late John Foster Dulles ... in an article written by the President of Arthur D. Little [a Boston-based international management consulting firm; Arthur D. Little presidents: Earl Stevenson -1956; Raymond Stevens 1956-1960; Gen. James Maurice Gavin 1960-1977 (also chair; but also ambassador to France 1961-1962; strongly considered for CIA director in 1977 by Jimmy Carter)]. He quotes Mr. Dulles as saying: "There are two ways of conquering a foreign nation. One is to gain control of its people by force or arms. The other is to gain control of its economy by financial means.""

May 23, 1976, Leslie Gelb for the New York Times, 'The Secretary of State sweepstakes': "You can see them, if you've got the entree, at any number of foreign-policy seminars or conferences around the country. The faces are usually the same. ... Cyrus Vance [secretary of state 1977-1980] ... Zbigniew Brzezinski [NSA 1977-1981]. Elliot Richardson ... Melvin Laird ... George Ball [advisor Jimmy Carter campaign] ... James Schlesinger ... Paul Warnke ... Peter Peterson ... These are the Big Eight, the current favorites [to become] Secretary of State. You won't find many in Washington who think Henry Kissinger [stepped down as secretary of state in January 1977] would continue in office even if Gerald Ford is re-elected..."

December 13, 1976, New York Magazine, 'Carter's Little Kissingers' (details Trilateral Commission history and elite ties; reference to Zbig Brzezinski, Cyrus Vance and George Ball).

Source(s): 1972, 1974, 1984, 1997, 2002 lists.

Senior fellow CFR 1967-1968. Assistant for international economic affairs to national security advisor Henry Kissinger 1969-1971. Senior fellow at the Brookings Institution 1972-1976. Visited Bilderberg in 1972, 1974, 1984, 1997, 2002. Assistant secretary for international affairs, Treasury Department, under Carter 1977-1981. Senior fellow Carnegie Endowment in 1981. Key founder in 1981 of the Peterson Institute for International Economics, alongside founding Trilateral Commission member and close David Rockefeller friend Peter Peterson. (Managing) director PIIE 1981-2012. Continued as senior fellow. David Rockefeller, George Soros and Lynn Forester de Rothschild are among those who became directors of PIIE. Member Trilateral Commission 1985-2018, executive early 1990s - 2017. Lifetime involvement in over 20 important NGOs.

Source(s): 1981, 1983, 1985-2003 lists (steering committee since at least 1986).

Top elitist involved in the CFR, Bilderberg, Trilateral Commission, Americas Society, World Economic Forum / Davos, Pilgrims Society, Peterson Institute for International Economics and other elite NGOs before he was convicted of fraud and send to prison. Acted as a mentor to neoconservative "prince of darkness" Richard Perle.

Owner of the elite Canadian publishing firm Hollinger International, filled to the brim with Bilderberg and Trilateral Commission elites: Lord Carrington, Henry Kissinger, Zbigniew Brzezinski, Lord Jacob Rothschild, Sir Evelyn de Rothschild, Gianni Agnelli and others.

Black was removed from various positions in his Hollinger empire over 2003-2004 after evidence of looting emerged, with the company going bankrupt in 2008. Black spent a period in time over 2010-2012 over this case. Dramatically claimed he was "sent to prison for crimes I would never dream of committing, for having fought it out as well as anyone could, and for making the best I could of a bad situation."

April 4, 2007, Reuters, 'UPDATE 1-Board knew of Conrad Black's payments, jurors told': "Defense lawyers at the criminal fraud trial of Conrad Black sought to show on Wednesday that millions of dollars of payments received by the fallen media baron and co-defendents were approved by the board of his former company, not stolen. ... The [$60 million in personal] payments, prosecutors said, should have instead gone to Hollinger International and its shareholders."

President Donald Trump pardoned Black in 2019. Fascinatingly, Black was among the only elitist championing Trump, to the point of even writing the favorable 2018 book 'Donald J. Trump: A President Like No Other'. The excuse that the two were "friends" doesn't make much sense, as back in 2000 Henry Kissinger was spotted at a Hollinger party sitting at a table talking to Trump. Black, a coinvicted criminal, embracing Trump and subsequently being pardoned, only seems to serve the purpose of further tarring and feathering a "conservative CIA" president.

Source(s): 1991 list only.

Long-time State Department and National Security Council staffer with ties to Henry Kissinger. Member CFR 1985-. Member Trilateral Commission 2008-2014, where a more expanded biography is to be found.

Source(s): 2007 list only.

President and COO of Goldman Sachs 2004-2006, under Hank Paulson. Chairman and CEO Goldman Sachs 2006-2018. Member CFR 2009-. Democrat. Regular visitor Clinton Global Initiative 2000s-2010s. Co-chair Partnership for New York City. Speaker Bloomberg Global Business Forum.

Source(s): 2003 list only.

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Source(s): 1984-1986 (joined steering committee), 1988.

Educated at Yale and Harvard. Joined Dillon, Read & Co. in 1954, chair 1970-1982, 1983–1988. Bechtel bought a controlling stake in Dillon, Read in 1981, prompting Bechtel president George Shultz to join the Dillon, Reed board. Senator from New Jersey April - December 1982. Member CFR 1983-. Visitor the Bechtel's Camp Mandalay at the Bohemian Grove since at least the 1980s. Close friend of George H. W. Bush, before he came into the administration. Treasury secretary under Reagan and Bush 1988-1993. Director MITRE, H.J. Heinz, etc. Trustee Rockefeller University. Director Economic Club of New York. .

April 30, 1981, New York Times, 'Bechtels get control of Dillon, Read': "Stephen D. Bechtel, [and] Nicholas F. Brady, president [also called chair and managing director] of Dillon, Read, said that [Bechtel's] Sequoia had purchased ... the controlling shares owned by C. Douglas Dillon ... George P. Shultz, president of Bechtel ... will become one of three new Dillon directors, but he said ... ''the present Dillon, Read people to keep managing it.'' ... Mr. Dillon will remain a director while Skandinaviska Enskilden Banken of Stockholm, Sweden's largest private bank, will continue as stockholder. Marcus Wallenberg, chairman of the bank, and Curt G. Olsson, president, will be on the new 18-member board. ...
The prestige of the Bechtel family, along with the Bechtel Group's close political ties and vast connections with both the oil industry and the Arab world, are expected to en-hance Dillon, Read's reputation as an elitist company that shuns publicity... Richard Helms, former director of the Central Intelligence Agency, is a consultant to the [Bechtel] company."

Source(s): 2017 list only ("Brennan, John O. (USA), Senior Advisor, Kissinger Associates Inc.").

Homeland Security Advisor 2009-2013, under Obama. CIA director 2013 - Jan. 2017, under Obama. Helped establish the FBI's counterintelligence investigation of Donald Trump's presidential campaign. Senior advisor Kissinger Associates "on world events" 2018-, although clearly already a senior advisor of Kissinger Associates at the June 2017 Bilderberg meeting, less than 5 months after leaving office. Chair of the Intelligence and National Security Alliance (INSA). Endorser of Inclusive America, along with many other elites.

bilderbergmeetings.org/participants.html (accessed: June 15, 2017): "1-4 June ... Brennan, John O. (USA), Senior Advisor, Kissinger Associates Inc."

inclusiveamerica.org/endorsers-partners/ (accessed: Nov. 28, 2020): "Richard Armitage ... [Gen.] Michael Hayden ... Christine Todd Whitman ... Madeleine Albright ... Henry Cisneros ... John Deutch ... Stuart Eizenstat ... Mickey Kantor ... Anthony Lake ... John Podesta ... Strobe Talbott ... John Brennan ... William Joseph Burns ... [CIA deputy director] David Cohen ... Chuck Hagel ... John Kerry ... Michael Morell [Adm. Mike Morell]... Leon Panetta ... Gayle Smith..."

April 13, 2018, @JohnBrennan tweet: "Your kakistocracy is collapsing after its lamentable journey. As the greatest Nation history has known, we have the opportunity to emerge from this nightmare stronger & more committed to ensuring a better life for all Americans, including those you have so tragically deceived."

July 16, 2018 John Brennan tweet: "Donald Trump's press conference performance in Helsinki rises to & exceeds the threshold of "high crimes & misdemeanors". It was nothing short of "treasonous". Not only were Trump's comments "imbecilic", he is wholly in the pocket of Putin. Republican Patriots: Where are you???"

March 1, 2021, John Brennan on MSNBC's Deadline, without any racial provocation: "I'm increasingly embarrassed to be a white male these days [host laughing hysterically], with what I see other white males say. But it just shows, with very few exceptions, like Mitt Romney, Liz Chenny, Adam Kinzinger, there are so few Republicans in Congress who value truth, honesty, and integrity. And so they'll continue to gaslight the country, the way Donald Trump did."

Source(s): 1966, 1968, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1978, 1985 lists.

Leading political scientist. Regular Bilderberg visitor 1966-1985. Member CFR 1968-, director 1972-1977. Key founder Trilateral Commission in 1973 with David Rockefeller, executive from at least 1985 until 2009. National security advisor under Carter 1977-1981. Top 5 globalist at the time of his death in 2017, involved in at least 85 important NGOs.

Source(s): 2010 list

Venezuelan mining billionaire and old member of the 1001 Club, alongside David and Laurance Rockefeller.

Source(s): 1991 list; clinton.presidentiallibraries.us /items/show/36014 (accessed: Aug. 25, 2022; 'Bilderberg Conferences - Collection Finding Aid'): "Governor Clinton attended the 1991 Bilderberg Conference in Baden-Baden, Germany (for which no records were available). ... President Clinton made brief remarks at the Bilderberg Steering Committee Meeting in October of 1995. Several National Security Council staff members also spoke at Bilderberg events."

Speculation that he was going to run for president in the 1988 elections, but he eventually declined to do so. First appeared on a February 1990 Trilateral Commission membership list. Invited to the CFR in 1990. Chair Democratic Leadership Council (DLC) 1990-1991. In June 1991 Clinton visited Bilderberg. Announced his candidacy for the presidential elections on October 3, 1991. Elected U.S. president in November 1992.

Family friend Vernon Jordan, a long-time member of the Trilateral Commission and Bilderberg's steering committee, as well as a former Rockefeller Foundation trustee and-co-trustee of Hillary in the New World Foundation in the mid 1980s, was instrumental in arranging these invitations.

Source(s): clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/items/show/36014 (accessed: January 24, 2021): "First Lady Hillary Clinton attended the Atlanta, Georgia [Bilderberg] Conference in June of 1997 [but was not listed among the official visitors]"

First Lady of Arkansas 1983-1992. Trustee and chair New World Foundation 1980s, alongside elite family friend Vernon Jordan. First Lady of the U.S. 1993-2001. Senator from New York 2001-2009. Secretary of state 2009-2013. Chancellor Queen's University, Belfast 2020-.

Source(s): 2018-2019 lists

Member of Department of State's Policy Planning Staff. Founder and President of Jigsaw, a Google think tank in New York.

Source(s): 1962-1980 lists (all conferences)

Economic Analyst, U.S. Treasury Department, 1934-36; economist, Federal Reserve Bank, New York, 1936-38; with Department of State, 1938-46, assistant chief, Division of American Republics, 1940, special assistant to Under Secretary of State, 1941-44, executive secretary, Board of Economic Operations, 1941-43, associate advisor for International Economic Affairs, 1943-44, chief, Division of Financial and Monetary Affairs, 1944-45, director, Office of Financial and Development Policy, 1945-46; trustee, Export-Import Bank, Washington, 1944-45; U.S. executive director, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development [IBRD], 1946-47. Involved in Standard Oil of New Jersey / Exxon and J.P. Morgan & Co. Chair Americas Society.

December 1, 1972, New York Times, 'Inter-American Center Names New Chairman': "Emilio G. Collado, executive vice president and a director of the Exxon Corporation, was elected chairman of the Center for Inter-American Relations [absorbed into the Americas Society in 1985], David Rockefeller, the center's honorary chairman, announced yesterday. ... Mr. Collado ... replaces the retiring chairman, James A. Perkins..."

February 16, 1995, New York Times, 'Emilio Collado, a Creator of the World Money System, Dies at 84': "He was a member of the American negotiating team at the Bretton Woods conference in 1944 at Bretton Woods [creating the IMF, GATT and IBRD]... In 1946, President Harry S. Truman nominated Mr. Collado to be the first American director of the World Bank... In 1947, he joined the Exxon Corporation, rising to executive vice president and a director of the company at the time of his retirement in 1975. ... A trustee of the Hispanic Society in New York, a former director of J. P. Morgan & Company and a former chairman and director of the Americas Society of New York."

Source(s): 1994 list.

President NY Federal Reserve Bank 1985-1993. CFR director 1993-1995 and involved in a variety of elite think tanks. Joined Goldman Sachs in 1994, partner and managing director 1996-.

Source(s): 1956-1957, 1959, 1963-1973, 1975 lists.

Member CFR 1938-, director 1955-1972. Partner in the Dulles' brothers' Sullivan & Cromwell law firm from 1929 to 1976, and served as chairman of the firm in the 1960s. U.S. chair of the Geneva Disarmament Committee under JFK 1961-1963.

Source(s): 1982 lists.

Member of the family that has controlled Power Corporation for decades.

Source(s): 2006, 2008 lists.

Member of the family that has controlled Power Corporation for decades.

Source(s): 1998, 2000, 2002 lists.

Undersecretary of Defense for Acquisition 1993-1994. U.S. deputy secretary of defense and undersecretary of energy. CIA director 1995-1996. Professor MIT. Director Belfer Center, Harvard. Director of Citigroup, Cummins, Raytheon, and Schlumberger Ltd.

Source(s): 1998 ("Partner, O'Melveny & Myers")-2008, 2012, 2014, 2015 lists.

Executive Vice President for Law and Policy at Fannie Mae, the federally chartered mortgage finance company, as a registered lobbyist from 1999 through 2005.

Recruited to law firm O'Melveny and Meyers by partner Warren Christoper, a top elitist. Assistant Secretary of state for public affairs under Bill Clinton 1993-1996. National security advisor under Obama 2010-2013, deputy NSA 2009-2010. Member Trilateral Commission 2013-. Distinquished fellow CFR July 2013-. Senior fellow Belfer Center. Widely considered a candidate to become secretary of state or CIA director if Hillary Clinton had won the election in 2016. Member Defense Policy Board.

Wife Catherine M. Russell: chief of staff to Jill Biden, and in March 2013 was named the Ambassador-at-Large for Global Women's Issues at the U.S. State Department.

Brother Mike Donilon: Counselor to former Vice-President Joe Biden.

Brother Terrence Donilon: communications director for Roman Catholic Cardinal Sean O'Malle.

Source(s): 1989, 1990, 1992 lists.

Chairman and CEO of the Sprint Corporation.

Source(s): 1991 list.

Senator from California 1992-. Chair of the Senate Intelligence Committee 2009-2015 (succeeding Sen. Jay Rockefeller, who remained a member), vice chair 2015-2017. Ranking Member of the Senate Judiciary Committee 2017-.

January 6, 2009, New York Times, 'Obama picks outsider to lead CIA': "Among the lawmakers who expressed skepticism about the choice was Dianne Feinstein, a Democrat who is the new chairwoman of the Senate Intelligence Committee. Feinstein, who would oversee any confirmation hearing for Panetta, issued a statement that signaled clear disapproval and said she had not been notified of the choice. "My position has consistently been that I believe the agency is best served by having an intelligence professional in charge at this time," she said. A second top Democrat, Senator John Rockefeller 4th of West Virginia, the departing chairman of the Intelligence Committee, shares Feinstein's concerns, Democratic congressional aides said."

Along Californian congresswomen (since 1987) and former Clinton-in-law Nancy Pelosi, for a long time Feinstein has been responsible for suggesting Californian judges to presidents for appoinment.

Source(s): 2004 list only.

Well-known neocon of the Bush era.

Source(s): 1996, 1998-1999, 2001-2003, 2005-2008, 2010-2011 lists.

Harvard economics professor. Chair President's Council of Economic Advisors. President and CEO National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER).

Source(s): 1988, 1990, 1995, 2002 lists.

State of Washington congressman 1965-1995, House Majority Whip 1981-1987, speaker of the House 1989-1995. Chair of the President's Intelligence Advisory Board (PSAC) 1996-1997 under Clinton. Ambassador to Japan 1997-2001.

Source(s): 1993-1994 lists.

Joined Bilderberg in 1993 as "Senior Partner and Chairman, Goldman Sachs & Co."

Source(s): 2004-2009, 2013 lists.

Under secretary of the Treasury for international affairs 1998-2001. President and CEO of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York 2003-2009. Secretary of the Treasury 2009-2013. President and managing director of Warburg Pincus 2014-. As many here, involved in countless NGOs.

In July 2018 Mariner Finance, owned by a firm presided over by Geithner, was accused of predatory lending behavior.

Source(s): 2012 list only.

Democrat congressman from Missouri 1977-2005. House Majority Leader 1989-1995. House Minority Leader 1995-2003. "President and CEO, Gephardt Group" when he visited Bilderberg in 2012..

Source(s): 1992, 1995 lists.

White House staffer under Nixon, Ford and Reagan. "Editor-at-Large, U.S. News and World Report" when initially invited to Bilderberg in 1992. Counselor to President Clinton 1993-1994. Visitor of the Bohemian Grove and involved in countless other NGOs.

Source(s): 1994, 1997 lists.

Chairman and CEO, IBM.

Source(s): 1988, 1990, 1991, 1994 lists.

Publisher of the Washington Post. Close to long-time Washington Post investor, director and advisor Warren Buffett.

Source(s): 1999-2001, 2004-2005, 2008-2010, 2012-2013 lists.

Publisher Washington Post 1979-2000, succeeding his mother, Katharine. Director Facebook 2009-2015. Visitor Sun Valley Meetings.

Source(s): 1989-1991 lists.

President and CEO of American International Group (AIG) 1968-2005. Derivaties related to AIG and Goldman Sachs were particularly closely tied to the 2008 financial crisis. Top globalist involved in over 60 NGOs, many in relation to China and in many alongside his good friend Henry Kissinger. Member of the Bohemian Grove, alongside Kissinger, Paul Volcker and David Rockefeller.

Source(s): 2014, 2017 lists.

Son of Maurice, who is being sponsored by his father in a number of NGOs, including the Trilateral Commission, Bilderberg, the Atlantic Council, the Center for the National Interest and more.

Source(s): 2002 list only.

Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers to President Ford (and vice president Nelson Rockefeller and secretary of state Henry Kissinger) 1974-1977. Trustee RAND Corporation 1986-1987 and briefly a member of the Trilateral Commission in the same period. Chairman Federal Reserve System 1987-2006. Founded Greenspan Associates LLC immediately after leaving the FED. Special consultant PIMCO 2007-. Senior advisor to Deutsche Bank 2007-. Advisor to Paulson & Co. 2008-. Involved in two dozen NGOs: director Peterson Institute; member Group of Thirty; etc.

Source(s): 1991, 1999, 2003-2005, 2007 lists.

Rhodes Scholar. Staffer DOD 1979-1980. Staffer State Department 1981-. Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director Near East and South Asian Affairs, National Security Council, 1989-1993. Director of Policy Planning at the State Department under Colin Powell 2001-2003. President CFR 2003-2020s. Involved in countless other privately-funded think tanks, including the Brookings Institution and Carnegie Endowment.

Source(s): 1978 list only.

Henry Kissinger protege. U.S. Secretary of State. President, Worldwide Associates, Inc. Founding advisory board member of "conservative CIA" outlet Newsmax. Advisory board member of Israel lobby group Washington Institute for Near East Policy (WINEP). Etc.

Source(s): March and Oct. 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1961-1963, 1966, 1968-1972, 1974, 1978.

Economics instructor Harvard 1938-1940. Worked at the NY Fed in 1939. Economics professor Princeton 1940-1942. Served in the U.S. Navy during World War II. Economist with the State Banking Department in New York State 1947-1950. Economic advisor to the 1948 presidential campaign of Thomas Dewey. Assistant Editor of Business Week magazine 1950-1952. Member CFR 1950-. Director or Citizens for Eisenhower in 1952. Economic advisor to President Eisenhower 1953-1958. Joined Manufacturers Trust Company in 1948, becoming chair in 1970. Treasurer and director Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) 1964-1981.

Source(s): 1958, 1964-1966 lists.

David Rockefeller mentor. Trustee Rockefeller Foundation 1946-1949, 1953-1958. Chairman Chase Manhattan Bank 1953-1960. Chairman CFR 1953–1970, with David Rockefeller following him up. Trustee Ford Foundation 1953-, chair 1958-1964.

Source(s): 1954-1986 list (advisory group by the 1980s; visited every single Bilderberg until his death).

1908-1987. His grandfather founded H. J. Heinz Company, with his father becoming president of the company. Yale Skull & Bones member. Studied at Oxford. President and CEO Heinz Company 1941-1966. Founding chairman of Heinz Endowments 1941-1987. Worked with Richard King Mellon in cleaning up the environment of Pittsburgh. Chaired the U.S. arm of the International Chamber of Commerce 1948-1951. Chairman U.S. delegation to the Economic Commission for Europe 1958-1959. Close ally of David Rockefeller and Laurance Rockefeller.

2019, Thomas Gijswijt, 'Informal Alliance': "Jack Heinz and David Rockefeller each paid $1000 to finance Retinger's trip to the United States. See Nebolsine to Retinger, July 1, 1954, Box 30, Bilderberg Archives, NANL."

2002, David Rockefeller, 'Memoirs', pp. 448-449: "In late 1959 we were guests of Stavros [1001 Club] and Eugenie Niarchos for a week's sail through the Aegean aboard their three-masted schooner, The Creole... Our friends Jack and Drue Heinz of Pittsburgh were also on that 1959 voyage, as were Hans (Heini) Heinrich and Fiona Thyssen-Bornemisza [1001 Club], whom we met for the first time. ... Our cruise brought out the fact that we were all interested in art... The following May [1960]... we all flew to Lugano to spend the weekend with the Thyssens."

1962 annual report, Conservation Foundation: "Trustees: FAIRFIELD OSBORN, Chairman. ... H. J. Heinz, II. ... Lucius D. Clay ... David H. McAlpin ... Howard Phipps, Jr. Laurance S. Rockefeller. Officer and Staff: Samuel H. Ordway, Jr., President."

Source(s): 1978 list only.

Son of H.J. Heinz, II. Senator from 1977 to 1991, when his plane crashed and he was killed.

Source(s): 1975 list only.

President University of Notre Dame. Trustee Rockefeller Foundation 1961-1981, chair 1977-1981.

Source(s): 1996-1999, 2004-2010 lists.

"Surrogate son" of Rockefeller man Dean Rusk who became an influential Democratic diplomat. See his biography at the Trilateral Commission, of which he was a lifetime member since 1975.

Source(s): 1983, 1985-1986, 2010 lists.

National Security Council staffer 1969-1977, advising Henry Kissinger, General Brent Scowcroft and Zbigniew Brzezinski on economic affairs. Assistant secretary of state for economic and business affairs 1981-1982.

Joined Goldman Sachs International in 1982 - with Kissinger joining its initial low profile international advisory board, heralding Goldman Sachs' "golden age" - and was vice president when he visited Bilderberg for the first time in 1983.

Under secretary of state for economic growth, energy, and the environment 2009-2013. Vice chair of Kissinger Associates since October 2013, a position that continues into the 2020s.

Source(s): 2012 list only.

Bilderberg bio: "Chairman, Huntsman Cancer Foundation." Ambassador to Singapore 1992-1993. Deputy Trade Representative 2001-2003. Governor of Utah 2005-2009. Ambassador to China 2009-2011. Ambassador to Russia 2017-2019. Involved in various NGOs: member CFR since 1994, trustee Asia Society anno 2000, visitor Munich Security Conference in 2007, member of the Trilateral Commission from 2013 to 2017, and chairman of the Atlantic Council anno 2014.

Source(s): 2004 list only.

Joined Time magzine in 1978. CFR member since 1979. Became editor of Time magazine in 1996. Chair and CEO of CNN July 2001-2003. President and CEO of the Aspen Institute 2003-. Wrote biographies on Apple founder Steve Jobs and Henry Kissinger. Advisory partner at financial services firm Perella Weinberg. Involved in over two dozen important NGOs.

Source(s): 1987 list only.

Engineer at the Douglas Aircraft Company since 1942. Became a researcher at the RAND Corporation in 1953. Chairman and CEO Northrop Corporation 1960-1989 (president 1959-, chairman 1963-). Member of the 1001 Club. Similar to Lockheed, Northrop was involved in paying bribes to Prince Bernhard, which led to the 1976 Lockheed Affair and the cancelation of the Bilderberg event for that year. Northrop's role was kept quiet, however, by Dutch researchers, in order to protect the prince from even more negative press.

Source(s): 1979-1985, 1987, 1989-2009 (1981-1993: certainly steering committee, likely much longer), 2011-2013, 2016-2017, 2019 lists. (1979-2019: 40 years).

Partner in Akin, Gump, Strauss, Hauer & Feld. Civil right activist in the 1960s. Trustee of the Rockefeller Foundation 1971-1984. Trustee of the New World Foundation with Hillary Clinton in the late 1980s. Closest elite advisor of governor and then president Bill Clinton, whom he brought into the Trilateral Commission and Bilderberg in 1991, at the start of Clinton's presidential campaign. Involved in over three dozen important NGOs. Died in 2021.

Source(s): 2004 list only.

Yale and Harvard-educated. Member CFR 1984-. Neocon scholar who co-founded the Project for the New American Century (PNAC) in 1997, four years before 9/11. Joined the Trilateral Commission in 2004-2005. Involved in over two dozen important NGOs.

Source(s): 1988, 1993 lists.

President, American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO).

Source(s): 1981 list.

Neocon scholar involved in over three dozen important NGOs. member CFR 1981-. U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations under Reagan 1981-1985. Died in 2006.

Source(s): October 1957, 1964, 1977-1978, 1980-1992 lists (steering committee by 1981, when first identified in the official membership lists), 1994-2019 lists (online listed as steering committee until March 2011, 9 months after Bilderberg first set up a website).

Protege of the Rockefellers, initially as an expert on nuclear weapons. National security advisor 1969-1975, and with that head of the 40 Committee that oversaw CIA operations. Secretary of state 1973-1977.Founder of Kissinger Associates in 1981. Played key roles in Bilderberg, the Trilateral Commission and other NGOs on behalf of David Rockefeller. Involved in over 150 important NGOs, a good 50% more than any other globalist.

Source(s): 1989, 1990-1996 (joined steering committee in 1990), 1998-2019 lists (co-chair of the steering committee anno 2020)

Wife of fellow-bilderberger Henry Kravis. became a member of the Trilateral Commission in the 1990s. CFR member since 2005. Trustee vice chair of the neocon Hudson Institute anno 2019. Top globalist involved in over 30 important NGOs, alongside her husband, Henry Kravis.

bilderbergmeetings.org/background/steering-committee/steering-committee (accessed: May 25, 2020): "co-chairs: Halberstadt, Victor [and] Kravis, Marie-Josee... Dopfner, Mathias ... Elkann, John ... Karp, Alex ... Schmidt, Eric E. ... Sikorski, Radoslaw ... Thiel, Peter ... Wallenberg, Marcus ... Zeiler, Gerhard (AUT), Chief Revenue Officer, WarnerMedia..."

Source(s): 1992-1993, 1996, 1998 (first time with wife), 2000-2008, 2010-2019 lists.

Top globalist involved in over 30 important NGOs, alongside his wife, Marie-Josee. Co-founder of global investment firm Kohlberg Kravis Roberts / KKR & Co. Inc. CIA director and top globalist David Petraeus was picked as chairman of the KKR Global Institute when it was founded in 2013. Member CFR 1992-, director 2006-.

Source(s): 1995 list only.

Son of CIA asset Irving Kristol. Neocon political analyst with lifetime involvement in about three dozen NGOs.

Source(s): 1974, 1978, 1980, 1982-1985 (steering committee), 1987, 1996 lists.

Son of Mary Pillsbury Lord, a representative of Eisenhower to the United Nations, president of the International Rescue Committee, and a governor of the Atlantic Institute of International Affairs.

Member National security Council planning staff 1969-1973. Special assistant to national security advisor Henry Kissinger, accompanying him on his secret trip to China in 1971. Part of every Nixon, Ford, and Kissinger meeting with Chinese leadership during the 1970s, and part of every Kissinger meeting negotiating a peace with North Vietnam in the early 1970s. Director of policy planning and top policy adviser at the State Department on China 1973–1977. Regular Bilderberg visitor 1974-1996, steering committee mid 1980s. CFR president 1977–1985. Member Trilateral Commission 1978-2018. Senior counselor for the President's National Bi-partisan Commission on Central America 1983–1984. Ambassador to China 1985-1989. Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs 1993–1997.

Co-author with Henry Kissinger of the 2019 book 'Kissinger on Kissinger: Reflections on Diplomacy, Grand Strategy, and Leadership'. Part of the 1997 Washington-based state dinner in honor of Chinese president Jiang Zemin. 2012 "gala sponsor" of the National Committee on U.S.-China Relations. Co-chair IRC. Lifetime involvement in over a dozen important NGOs.

Source(s): 1977, 1980-1985 lists (steering committee: 1981-1985)

Joined the Federal Reserve of New York in 1959, left as a vice president in the research division in 1969. Member CFR 1968-. Deputy under secretary for monetary affairs under Nixon 1969-1971. President, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, 1971–1977. President Brookings Institution 1977-1995. Founding member Trilateral Commission in 1973 until at least 1990 (executive in the late 1970s and early 1980s). Visitor Bilderberg 1977, 1980-1985, steering committee 1981-1985. Member of the Bretton Woods Committee in the 1990s and 2000s, alongside David Rockefeller, George Soros, Henry Kissinger and countless other elites.

Source(s): 1967-1968, 1970, 1972, 1974-1975, 1981, 1984-1993 lists (steering committee).

Congressman from Maryland 1961-1969. Senator from Maryland 1969-1987. Member Church Committee 1975-1976. The Church Committee investigated abuses by the CIA, NSA, FBI and IRS. He played an important role in the Final Report, Book Five, "The Investigation of the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy: Performance of the Intelligence Agencies, 94th Congress, 2nd Session, 1976".

Source(s): 1958, 1964-1966 lists.

Chairman Rockefeller Foundation 1946-1949 and 1953-1958. Trustee Ford Foundation 1953-58, chairman 1958-1965. Chairman Chase National Bank 1953-1960. Chairman Council on Foreign Relations 1953-1970, where David Rockefeller followed him up in that position. Family-appointed mentor to David Rockefeller at Chase Manhattan Bank and the CFR. Member of the Pilgrims Society. Governor Atlantic Institute for International Affairs. President Kennedy's principal disarmament adviser 1961-1963. Member of the Warren Commission in 1963.

Source(s): 1968, 1969, 1975 lists.

President, Ford Motors, 1960-1961, and helped rebuild the company. Secretary of defense 1961-1968, during the escalation of the Vietnam War. CFR member 1968-. President World Bank 1968-1982. Trustee Ford Foundation 1968-1986. Member Trilateral Commission from at least 1981, eventually being listed as "lifetime trustee" in the 2000s. Founding member board of international advisory board of Goldman Sachs in 1982, alongside chairman Henry Kissinger. Member Pilgrims Society and 1001 Club. Director Atlantic Council and the National Committee on U.S.-China Relations. Member international advisory council, Population Institute; and council member of Population Action International. At the time of his death in 2009 involved in at least three dozen important NGOs over his lifetime.

Source(s): bilderbergmeetings.org/background/steering-committee/former-steering-committee-members (accessed: Aug. 28, 2021); apparently never attended an annual Bilderberg confrence, so it seems his appointment was withdrawn or he only attended one or a handful of steering committee meetings).

Senator from Maine 1980-1995. Initial vice chair 9/11 Commission Nov.-Dec. 2002, but resigned as well when chairman Henry Kissinger was forced out. Known visitor of the Jeffrey Epstein mansion.

Source(s): 1967-1971, 1973 lists.

...

Source(s): 1954-1958, 1961, 1963 lists.

Joined investment bank Dillon, Read & Co. in 1929. Vice-president of Dillon Read - a major financier of Nazi Germany corporation prior to World War II - 1939-1941. Married Phyllis Pratt, daughter of John Teele Pratt, a Standard Oil financier. Nitze's brother-in-law, the industrialist Walter Paepcke, founded the Aspen Institute, together with oilman Robert O. Anderson, who would become a close ally of David Rockefeller.

Finance director of the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs 1942-1943, working for Nelson Rockefeller. Old Dillon Read president and boss/colleague, James Forrestal, who had become an assistant to FDR, provided him with this job. Co-founder of the School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) with Christian Herter in 1943. Chief of the Metals and Minerals Branch of the Board of Economic Warfare 1943. Director of Foreign Procurement and Development Branch of the Foreign Economic Administration 1943-1944. Director, then vice chair, of the Strategic Bombing Survey 1944-1946, for which he also inspected the aftermath of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki nuclear attacks.

Member CFR 1949-. Chairman of the National Security Council Study Group - with Dean Acheson and Robert Lovett as members - that produced the secret policy paper NSC 68. It pushed for a major expansion in the military budget to counter the Soviet Union, to development the hydrogen bomb, and increased military aid to allies of the United States. It also supported the "rollback" theory of global communism, rejecting détente and containment of the Soviet Union.
October 20, 2004, New York Times, 'Paul Nitze, Cold War Strategist, Dies at 97': "In 1950, during the Truman administration, he succeeded George F. Kennan as head of the State Department's policy planning staff. It was then that Mr. Nitze started making his mark as a political-military strategist whose dark view of the Soviets surpassed those of Mr. Kennan and Mr. Bohlen, the nation's leading experts on the Soviet Union. Mr. Kennan found the language of N.S.C.-68 to be dangerously melodramatic and unhelpful.
Seven years later, although out of favor during the Eisenhower administration, Mr. Nitze was appointed to the presidential committee headed by H. Rowan Gaither that called for nationwide fallout shelters and warned of a "missile gap" that eventually proved to be illusory. ...
He always seemed too conservative for the liberal administrations and too liberal for the conservative ones."

Director of Policy Planning, State Department, under Truman 1950-1953. Part of the first half dozen Bilderberg meetings as an anti-communist expert. Visited two more time, in 1961 and 1963. Assistant secretary of defense for international security affairs 1961-1963. Secretary of the navy 1963-1967. Deputy secretary of defense 1967-1969. Member of the US delegation to the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) 1969–1973. Opposed the ratification of SALT II (1979) due to worries of Soviet rearmament.

Member of the 1969-founded Committee to Maintain a Prudent Defense Policy (CMPDP), alongside Dean Acheson and key neocons as Albert Wohlstetter, Paul Wolfowitz and Richard Perle. Member of the 1976-founded Second Committee on the Present Danger (2nd CPD), alongside right-wing (neocon) elites as C. Douglas Dillon, George Shultz, future CIA director William Casey, future 9/11 Commission member John Lehman, Richard Perle, Richard Pipes, Fred Ikle and others. This 2nd CPB was cirtually one and the same with "Team B" of 1975-1976, , Very close affiliated with Team B of 1975-1976, which challenged the National Intelligence Estimates on the Societ Union's military by the CIA, and (once again) stood at the basis of a major expansion of the military budget.

Honorary chair of the Council of American Ambassadors (CAA). Trustee of the Aspen Institute. Director Atlantic Council anno 1977, alongside Henry Kissinger, William Casey, Donald Rumsfeld, David Abshire, Robert Roosa and other elites. Still a director of the Atlantic Council by 1998, by then under chairman Brent Scowcroft, a Kissinger protege. Member of the 1983-founded American Academy of Diplomacy (AAD), alongside Henry Kissinger and dozens of other elites. Member Century Association and Links Club.

Source(s): 1996-1997 lists.

Senator from Georgia 1972-1997. Involved in about four dozen important NGOs over his lifetime, in later years supplemented by his daughter Michelle Nunn, who, in contrast to her father, became a member of the Trilateral Commission.

Source(s): 1994 list only.

Harvard political scientiest with deep NGO involvement. See Trilateral Commission bio.

Source(s): 2007 list only.

CEO of Goldman Sachs 2000-2006. Secretary of the Treasury 2006-2009 under George W. Bush. 2011 founder and chair of the Paulson Institute, largely focused on trade with China.

November 15, 2018, asia.nikkei.com, 'China's risky bet on Wall Street for help with Trump; Kissinger and Paulson are Beijing's preferred intermediaries: can it work?': "Chinese media reported that Paulson had visited China 70 times even before assuming the post of treasury secretary in 2006. Paulson made many of his China visits at Wang's invitation. They have a long-standing relationship dating back to the 1990s, when Wang was still serving as governor of state-owned China Construction Bank and Paulson was working for Goldman Sachs.
Later, Wang became a Chinese vice premier in charge of economic affairs, while Paulson became U.S. treasury secretary. They both headed their nations' delegations to the U.S.-China Strategic Economic Dialogue, becoming key players in Sino-U.S. economic diplomacy. ...
"When these unpaid foreign agents engage in this kind of diplomacy, so-called diplomacy, all they do is weaken this president and his negotiating position," Navarro said. "No good can come of this. If there is a deal, if and when there is a deal, it will be on President Donald J. Trump's terms, not Wall Street terms.""

Source(s): 1983, 1985, 2001-2015 lists.

1st assistant secretary of defense for global strategic affairs under Reagan 1981-1987, during which he visited the extremely secret Cercle Pinay group. Chairman of the Defense Policy Board under George W. Bush 2001-2003.

After 9/11 happened in September 2001, Perle became the face/scapegoat of Jewish-neocon warmongering.

Source(s): 1996 list only.

Under secretary of defense for research and engineering under Jimmy Carter 1977-1981. Deputy secretary of defense under Clinton 1993-1994. Secretary of defense under Clinton 1994-1997.

Source(s): 1978 list only.

Chairman Lehman Brothers. Founder Blackstone Group, which held the mortgage on WTC 7 on 9/11. Pilgrims Society. Good friend of David Rockefeller and Henry Kissinger.

Source(s): 2009, 2013-2019 lists.

Member of the CFR since 1986. CIA director 2011-2012, but fired after news came out of an extramarital affair he had. Chairman, KKR Global Institute, through which he kept visiting Bilderberg. Part of the 2012 annual meeting of the Association of Former Intelligence Officers (AFIO), where he was photographed talking to former CIA directors William Webster and Robert Gates, as well as John Negroponte. Trump's initial national security advisor, General Mike Flynn (who helped push the bogus Pizzagate and was close to Blackwater's Erik Prince in JSOC), was a protege of the controversial General Stanley McChrystal (of JSOC), who himself was a protege of David Petraeus. Senior vice president of Royal United Services Institution (RUSI). Director Atlantic Council. Visitor Forstmann Little Conferences.

Source(s): 1994 list only.

Executive secretary, State Department 1973-1974. Member CFR 1975- director 2002-2007. Ambassador to Jordan 1974-1978, Nigeria 1981-1983, El Salvador 1983-1985, Israel 1985-1988, United Nations 1989-1992, India 1992-1993, Russia 1993-1996. Under secretary of state for political affairs 1997-2001. Top 10 Superclass Index with lifetime involvement in more than 70 NGOs.

Source(s): 1981-1982 lists.

....

Source(s): 1997 list only.

Senior military assistant to secretary of defense Caspar Weinberger at the time of the 1983 Grenada invasion and 1986 airstrikes on Libya. Member CFR 1986-. Deputy national security advisor 1986-1987. National security advisor 1987-1989. Became a four-star general in 1989. Chair Joint Chiefs of Staff 1989-1993. Secretary of state 2001-2005. Lifetime involvement in more than 45 NGOs.

Source(s): 1990 list only.

Director ExxonMobil 1984-, president 1987-1993, CEO 1993-1999, chair and CEO 1999-2005. Director JPMorgan Chase 1987-2020. Vice chair American Enterprise Institute in the 2000s. See more details in Trilateral Commission biography.

Source(s): 2008 list only.

George Shultz protege. National security advisor 2001-2005 and secretary of state 2005-2009 under George W. Bush. Top 20 globalist with lifetime involvement in over 50 NGOs.

Source(s): 1985, 1987-1989, 1991-1992 (steering committee), 1994 lists.

Ambassador to Finland 1977-1980, East Germany 1983-1985. CFR member 1980-. Assistant secretary of state for European and Canadian affairs 1985-1989. Regular Bilderberg involvent over 1985-1994. President Atlantic Council 1989-1993, co-chair 1993-1996. Member Trilateral Commission mid 1990s. Trustee Brookings.

Source(s): 1974 list only.

Older brother of David Rockefeller and similarly a good friend of Henry Kissinger. Governor of New York 1959-1973. U.S. vice president under Gerald Ford 1974-1977, with Henry Kissinger as secretary of state. Died in 1979.

Source(s): 1992, 1997 lists only, but still listed as steering committee; bilderbergmeetings.org/ background/steering-committee/former-steering-committee-members (accessed: May 13, 2021): "Rockefeller, Sharon Percy (USA)".

Wife of former Senator Jay Rockefeller, a nephew of David Rockefeller who served as West Virginia governor 1977-1985 and West Virginia senator 1985-2015.

Source(s): 1954, Sep. 1955, 1957 (both), 1958-1959, 1961-1972 ('71: with Nelson's son Jay), 1974 (with brother Nelson)-1985 (certainly listed as a member of both the advisory board and the steering committee), (NOT present: 1986), 1987-2006, 2008-2009, 2011, 2013 lists. (1954-2013: 59 years) NOT PRESENT AT 8 CONFERENCES OVER 59 YEARS: March '55, '56, '60, '73, '86, '07, '10, '12.

Chair and CEO of Chase Manhattan Bank 1969-1981. CFR 1970-1985. Founder and honorary chairman Trilateral Commission 1973-. Involved in over 70 NGOs during his lifetime, with hundreds more receiving funding from his Chase Manhattan Bank and various foundations.

Source(s): 1989 list only ("Chairman, Rockefeller Brothers Fund").

Son of David Rockefeller. Rather insignificant.

Source(s): 1975, 1979, 1982 lists.

Rhodes scholar. Partner Brown Brothers Harriman 1965-1991. Director CFR 1966-1981. Trustee of the Rockefeller Foundation 1967-1982, vice chair 1978-1982. See the rest of the biography in the Trilateral Commission list.

Source(s): 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012 lists.

Famous interviewer, often of elite guests, also at places as the Sun Valley. "Canceled" in November 2017 after allegations dating back 20-30 years of sexual harassment.

Source(s): 2017 list only.

Co-founder in 1987 and managing director, The Carlyle Group.

Source(s): 1975, 2002.

.

Source(s): March and Sep. 1955; 1956 paper, Joseph Retinger, 'The Bilderberg Group' (steering committee); Feb. 1957, 1969.

Rhodes Scholar 1933. Member CFR 1952-. President Rockefeller Foundation 1952-1960. Kennedy's secretary of state 1961-1969.

Source(s): 1990 only.

Protege of superclass economist Martin Feldstein at Harvard and the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), which Feldstein was president and CEO of 1977-1981, 1983-2008

Jan. 13, 2019, Harvard Gazette, 'The economist who connected across politics' (Martin Feldstein): "At Harvard, Feldstein taught Ec 10, the introductory course in economics and one of the College's most popular undergraduate classes, from 1984 to 2005. Some of his students became influential policy economists themselves, including Larry Summers [and] Jeffrey Sachs.... Summers was a sophomore when Feldstein hired him as a research assistant."

April 5, 1998, Washingtonm Post, 'Tiff in the Economists' Temple': "They met as graduate students, working side by side most nights at the university computer center. In time, they gravitated to the same dissertation adviser and published a paper together showing how to apply the mathematics of rocket science to economic analysis. They argued fine points of theory over dinner at each other's apartments and attended each other's weddings. And on the same day in 1983, Jeff Sachs and Larry Summers became the youngest professors ever to win tenure from Harvard University.
Sachs, once dubbed the Indiana Jones of economics, was to become the leading economic adviser to developing countries around the world. His ideas helped tame hyperinflation and resolve the 1980s debt crisis in Latin America. And he was the first to prescribe "shock therapy" for Eastern European countries making the transition from communism to capitalism. ...
Summers, meanwhile, went on to become the intellectual powerhouse on President Clinton's economic team. As deputy secretary of the treasury, he has been the in-house champion for deficit reduction, the force behind the U.S. bailout of Mexico and a tireless proselytizer for American-style capitalism around the world. ...
Although the two have refrained from publicly criticizing each other, they have been shadow boxing in speeches, articles and through surrogates in the cozy world of international economics. The two men are advocating fundamentally different solutions to the Asia crisis.
Summers, working with the International Monetary Fund, has taken the lead in structuring a $118 billion international rescue that requires Thailand, South Korea and Indonesia to raise interest rates, reduce budget deficits, open markets, close ailing banks and generally rid their economies of crony capitalism. [The crashes in these countries were caused by George Soros and allies]
Sachs, as director of Harvard's Institute for International Development, has emerged as the leading critic of that international rescue effort. His line is that Summers & Co. have made a bad situation worse by imposing austerity and politically risky reforms. What the ailing Asian economies really need, he argues, is some extra time and cash to restore confidence and restructure their foreign debts.
This long-running feud actually began to take shape back in 1995 in the wake of the peso crisis in Mexico [also caused by George Soros and allies]. To reduce the need for such international bailouts in the future, Sachs proposed a scheme that would allow countries to negotiate bankruptcy workouts with their creditors much as companies do in the United States. But the idea was vehemently opposed by Wall Street, big banks and Summers at the Treasury, who lobbied Western finance ministers to reject the idea.
Perhaps it was no surprise, then, that when the Asia crisis hit last fall, Sachs weighed in quickly with critical comments about the IMF and the Treasury. In news columns and op-ed pieces, he accused the IMF of economic malpractice for having failed to see signs of trouble until it was too late -- and then in the rush to get involved, triggering a panic that was akin to yelling "fire" in a crowded theater.
Sachs also suggested that U.S. officials cared more about making the world safe for Wall Street than improving the lives of ordinary citizens in the developing world. Back at the Treasury, according to several sources, Summers quietly seethed at the accusations.
Things got a bit tenser when Summers arrived in Jakarta in January carrying a stern warning for Indonesian President Suharto: If Indonesia did not press ahead with sweeping reforms of its economy, international aid would be cut off.
As it turned out, Sachs was also in Jakarta that day, offering quite different advice to Suharto's economic team. In his view, the urgent priorities for Indonesia did not involve eliminating cronyism and state subsidies, as Summers had argued. More important was defending the rupiah on international currency markets, rescheduling foreign debts and pumping fresh capital into a banking system that had virtually ceased to operate.
His advice -- subsequently shared with Western reporters -- appeared to undercut a carefully orchestrated international effort to bring Suharto around to the IMF's way of thinking.
Returning to Washington, Summers turned his attention to convincing a reluctant Congress that it risked triggering a worldwide recession if it did not allocate another $18 billion for the IMF to replenish coffers nearly depleted by the Asian crisis. Suddenly, there was Sachs again, urging Congress to withhold any new money until the IMF "and its supporters at the Treasury" implemented fundamental reforms at the agency and devised a better model for international rescues that did not bail out foreign lenders and investors."

Assistant professor Harvard 1980-1982, associate professor in 1982-1983. Harvard's Galen L. Stone Professor of International Trade 1983-2002.

Sachs played a major role in restructuring various economies from protectionist to capitalist. Similar in style to restructuring the German economy after both world wars, it came to be known as "Shock Therapy":

• 1985: Advised Bolivian dictator Hugo Banzar, implementing a plan that stopped Bolivian hyperinflation through deregulation, especially of oil; doing away with measures to protect the country's financial elite; government budget cuts, and impementing fiscal and monetary discipline. It stabilized the country's economy.


• 1989: Poland. Worked great.


• 1991: Slovenia


• 1991-1998: Russia:
  • May 14, 1998, Janine R. Wedel for The Nation, 'The Harvard Boys Do Russia': "Through the late summer and fall of 1991, as the Soviet state fell apart, ... Jeffrey Sachs and other Western economists participated in meetings at a dacha outside Moscow where young, pro-Yeltsin reformers planned Russia’s economic and political future. Sachs teamed up with Yegor Gaidar, Yeltsin’s first architect of economic reform, to promote a plan of "shock therapy" to swiftly eliminate most of the price controls and subsidies...
    H.I.I.D. had supporters high in the Administration. One was Lawrence Summers [whom is not identified here as Sachs' closest friend from Harvard]... Summers hired a Harvard Ph.D., David Lipton (who had been vice president of Jeffrey D. Sachs and Associates, a consulting firm), to be Deputy Assistant Treasury Secretary for Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union. After Summers was promoted to Deputy Secretary, Lipton moved into Summers’s old job... Lipton co-wrote numerous papers with Sachs and served with him on consulting missions in Poland and Russia. "Jeff and David always came [to Russia] together," said a Russian representative at the International Monetary Fund. "They were like an inseparable couple." Sachs, who was named director of H.I.I.D. in 1995, lobbied for and received USAID grants for the institute to work in Ukraine in 1996 and 1997.
    Andrei Shleifer, a Russian-born émigré and already a tenured professor of economics at Harvard in his early 30s, became director of H.I.I.D.’s Russia project. Shleifer was also a protégé of Summers, with whom he received at least one foundation grant. Summers wrote a promotional blurb for Privatizing Russia (a 1995 book co-written by Shleifer and subsidized by H.I.I.D.) declaring that “the authors did remarkable things in Russia, and now they have written a remarkable book.”
    Another Harvard player was a former World Bank consultant named Jonathan Hay, a Rhodes scholar who had attended Moscow’s Pushkin Institute for Russian Language. In 1991, while still at Harvard Law School, he had become a senior legal adviser to the G.K.I., the Russian state’s new privatization committee; the following year he was made H.I.I.D.’s general director in Moscow. The youthful Hay assumed vast powers over contractors, policies and program specifics; he not only controlled access to the Chubais circle but served as its mouthpiece.
    H.I.I.D.’s first awards from U.S.A.I.D. for work in Russia came in 1992, during the Bush Administration. Over the next four years, with the endorsement of the Clinton Administration, the institute would be awarded $57.7 million...
    As Yeltsin’s Russian government took over Soviet assets in late 1991 and early 1992, several privatization schemes were floated. The one the Supreme Soviet passed in 1992 was structured to prevent corruption, but the program Chubais eventually carried out instead encouraged the accumulation of property in a few hands and opened the door to widespread corruption. It was so controversial that Chubais ultimately had to rely largely on Yeltsin’s presidential decrees, not parliamentary approval, for implementation. Many U.S. officials embraced this dictatorial modus operandi, and Jonathan Hay and his associates drafted many of the decrees. As U.S.A.I.D.’s Walter Coles, an early supporter of Chubais’s privatization program, put it, “If we needed a decree, Chubais didn’t have to go through the bureaucracy.”
    With help from his H.I.I.D. advisers and other Westerners, Chubais and his cronies set up a network of aid-funded “private” organizations that enabled them to bypass legitimate government agencies and circumvent the new parliament of the Russian Federation, the Duma. Through this network, two of Chubais’s associates, Maxim Boycko (who co-wrote Privatizing Russia with Shleifer) and Dmitry Vasiliev, oversaw almost a third of a billion dollars in aid money and millions more in loans from international financial institutions. "
  
  
  • March 1, 2000, Janine Wedel, 'Tainted Transactions': "The transactors' preferred way of proceeding in the Russian context was by means of top-down presidential decree. U.S. officials explicitly encouraged this practice as an efficient means of achieving market reform. As USAID's Walter Coles, a key American official in the privatization aid program, put it, "If we needed a decree, Chubais didn't have to go through the bureaucracy." Rule by decree also allowed the transactors to bypass the democratically elected Supreme Soviet and the Duma. The Harvard Institute's Russia director, Jonathan Hay, and his associates went so far as to draft some of the Kremlin decrees themselves. Needless to say, this did nothing to advance Russia's evolution toward a democratic system...
    The donors' flagship organization was the Russian Privatization Center... The center received funds from all major and some minor Western donors and lenders: the United States, the IMF, the World Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the European Union, Germany and Japan. The center's chief executive officer, a Russian from the Chubais Clan, has written that while head of the center he managed some $4 billion in Western funds. The Chamber of Accounts, Russia's rough equivalent of the U.S. General Accounting Office, investigated how that money was spent. An auditor from the Chamber concluded that the "money was not spent as designated. Donors paid . . . for something you can't determine." When I interviewed aid-paid consultants working at the center, I was told that the funds were routinely used for political purposes. ...
    According to documents from Russia's Chamber of Accounts, the center wielded more control over certain privatization documents and directives than did the Russian government agency formally responsible for privatization. Two center officials, its ceo from the Chubais Clan and Harvard's Moscow representative, Hay, were in fact authorized to sign privatization decisions on Russia's behalf. ...
    During negotiations in 1992 between the IMF and the Russian government, for example, Sachs and his associates appeared as advisers to the Russian side. But they were at the same time "writing secret memoranda advising the IMF negotiators as well." ... Jean Foglizzio, the IMF's first Moscow resident representative, was also taken aback by Sachs' practice of introducing himself as an adviser to the Russian government. As Foglizzio put it, "[When] the prime minister [Viktor Chernomyrdin], who is the head of government, says 'I never requested Mr. Sachs to advise me'--it triggers an unpleasant feeling, meaning, who is he?" ...
    In 1992, when Yegor Gaidar (with whom Sachs had been working) was under attack and his future looked precarious, Sachs offered his services to Gaidar's parliamentary opposition. ...
    [Another] such ubiquitous transactor was Anders Åslund, a former Swedish envoy to Russia who worked with Sachs and Gaidar. Åslund seemed at once to represent and speak on behalf of American, Russian and Swedish governments and authorities. Accordingly, he was understood by some Russian officials in Washington to be Chubais' personal envoy."
• 1992: Estonia

Timelime of elite ties developed by Sachs:

1. Anno 1990 a research associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), headed by his Harvard economics mentor Martin Feldstein, a member of the Trilateral Commission from 1985 until his death in 2019.
2. Invited as an NBER associate to the David Rockefeller- and Henry Kissinger-ran Bilderberg conference, the same year that George Soros and the Soros-funded Eastern Europe-focused economist Anders Aslund went for the first time.
3. Only recognizable "extra participant" among roughly 70 in the 1992 Colloquium on the Former Soviet Union for the Executive Directors of the World Bank, where Henry Kissinger, George Soros, his old friend Larry Summers and Anders Aslund were among the handful of presenters.
4. Advisory board member of the elite Peterson Institute for International Economics (PIIE) between at least 1993-2006, together with Paul Krugman (at least 1993-2006) and Joseph Stiglitz (anno 2006), senior fellow Anders Aslund (2006-2015; deeply involved in Eastern Europe as well), and with directors as his old friend Larry Summers (anno 2003, vice chair anno 2021), David Rockefeller (at least 1993-2010) | George Soros (from around the turn of the century until Dec. 2004), George Shultz (honorary at least 1993-2010), Maurice Greenberg, Lynn Forester de Rothschild, Alan Greenspan, Jacob Frenkel, David Rubenstein, etc.
5. Visitor of the World Economic Forum (WEF) in Davos, Switzerland for at least the years '93-'95, '05, '13-'14, where ties to Russian politicians and oligarchs were maintained and George Soros became an annual visitor no later than 1996. Rockefeller-allied greener Maurice Strong was a key influence at Davos from the start, with Kissinger being the old mentor at Harvard of Davos-founder Klaus Schwab. Old friend Larry Summers started visiting no later as well, with their joint mentor Martin Feldstein already being a veteran at that point. Fellow Soros-allied East-Europe-focused economist Anders Aslund. Jacob Frenkel visited since at least '89 and fellow Rockefeller economist Paul Volcker since at least '92.
6. Member CFR 1994-.
7. Anno 1998 an executive of Harvard's Weatherhead Center for International Affairs, founded by Henry Kissinger with Zbigniew Brzezinsk and Samuel Huntington on the international advisory board at the time, and Emma Rothschild, the half-sister of Lord Jacob Rothschild, on the visiting committee.
8. Director of the Weatherhead Center's Institute for International Development (HIID) at the Kennedy School of Government 1995–1999, where his old friend Larry Summers also was involved in. HIID was particularly focused on trying to transform the Post-USSR Russian economy. Director of the Center for International Development 1999–2002.
   • May 14, 1998, The Nation, 'The Harvard Boys Do Russia': "In 1995, in Chubais-organized insider auctions of prime national properties, known as [the crooked Russian oligarch-ran] loans-for-shares, the Harvard Management Company (H.M.C.), which invests the university’s endowment, and billionaire speculator George Soros were the only foreign entities allowed to participate. H.M.C. and Soros became significant shareholders in Novolipetsk, Russia’s second-largest steel mill, and Sidanko Oil, whose reserves exceed those of Mobil. H.M.C. and Soros also invested in Russia’s high-yielding, I.M.F.-subsidized domestic bond market."
9. Member of the Bretton Woods Committee over at least 1999-2011, alongside David Rockefeller, George Soros, Henry Kissinger, George Shultz, Zbigniew Brzezinski, Peter Peterson, Alexander Haig, Frank Carlucci, Donald Rumsfeld, Colin Powell, Condoleezza Rice, etc.
10. Member of the policy committee of the David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies (DRCLAS) anno 2001.
11. Since at least 2003 (into the 2020s) a member of the advisory board of the Center for Social and Economic Research (CASE), Warsaw, Poland, together with Russia and Eastern Europe economic reformers Anders Aslund (chair Jan. '01 and still anno '21), Yegor Gaidar (anno '03, until his death in 2009) and Anatoly Chubais (anno '03 until '04), as well as Nicholas Stern (anno '03-'09) and Georges de Menil (anno '09-'21; old 1001 Club member and director Schlumberger 1970-1988).
12. Contributor to the Soros-co-funded Project Syndicate, Prague, Czech Republic, alongside Zbignieuw Brzezinski, Joseph Stiglitz, Richard Haass, Anders Aslund, Martin Feldstein and many other elites.


13. Director Earth Institute of Columbia University 2002-2016, being flanked by George Soros and Bono of U2 on the external advisory board from 2003 to 2016. In 2004 Sachs set up the United Nations' Millennium Villages Project, with Soros pouring in $50 million in 2006.
14. Visitor Clinton Global Initiative in 2006.
15. In 2009 a founding advisory board member alongside Joseph Stiglitz of the Institute for New Economic Thinking (INET), with founding financiers as George Soros ($50 million founding financier), Paul Volcker, David Rockefeller, etc.
16. Board member of the 2012-founded New York Leadership for Accountable Government (NY-LEAD), alongside David Rockefeller (founding), Jonathan Soros (founding), Jerome Kohlberg of KKR (founding) and Edgar Bronfman Sr.
17. Founding Leadership Council since 2012 of the Sustainable Development Solutions Network, alongside Ted Turner.


18. Visited the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) in 2013, together with Chinese president Xi Jinping and Russian president Vladimir Putin and Oleg Deripaska for that year.
19. Visitor of the China Development Forum over 2015-2019, serving as an international advisor, with names as Maurice Greenberg, Larry Summers, Henry Kissinger and Martin Feldstein also frequenting the forum.
20. "Senior consultant for child development" anno 2017-2021 of the China Development Research Foundation (CDRF), with the China-obsessed Rockefeller friend Maurice Greenberg sitting on the international advisory council as the only recognizable name.
21. As of 2020 a member international advisory committee of the Bund Summits in Shanghai, alongside CFR president Robert Rubin, Joseph Stiglitz and other elites.

In the modern era, Sachs has turned into a raging Soros-like antifa propaganist who defends every extremist, dictatorial regime over the United States, and on top of that promotes white guilt / hatred of whites:

April 14, 2021, BBC Newsnight, Jeffrey Sachs interview: "NARRATOR: Each is accusing the other of not doing enough, even last year producing rival reports on each other's climate transgressions. And as of late their relations have become strained in so many other ways. As demonstrated by last month ill-tempered and decidedly undiplomatic summit in Alaska, the Chinese said the US has no right to talk down to them [and] the U.S. openly attack Beijing's human rights record. Specifically, the Biden administration formally defined China's treatment of Uyghur Muslims as genocide and has talked in strong terms about mass detention and sterilization of minorities. ...
[SPECIAL ENVOY JOHN KERRY:] As the president has said, the climate issue is a free-standing issue. It's not for trade against the other criticial differences... Climate is about the survival of the planet. ...
DR. ANGEL HSU, CLIMATE SCIENTIST: The US government is going to face some headwinds when they go to China to have these conversations, because what China has been very clear about is that they don't view the climate and energy as relationship with the United States in isolation. ...
NARRATOR: But if rebuilding trust means not mentioning to Prisedent Xi China's treatment Uygurs, his country's human rights' abuses in Hong Kong, the cyber attacks it carries out, its treats and military posturing against Taiwamn, is there really a way of working together on the environment? ...
HOST: I'm now joined by UN advisor Jeffrey Sachs, who is also the director of the Earth Institute. ... Jeffrey, if I can begin with you, the Biden administration has been strongly critical of China's actions on human rights, but engaging on climate change. Do you see that as a strategy that could actually work? ...
SACHS: "I'm not sure why BBC started with listing only China's human rights abuses. What about America's human rights abuses: the Iraq War, together with the UK. Completely illegal and under false pretenses. The war in Syria. The war in Libya. The continued sanctions against civilian populations in Venezuela and Iran. Walking away from the Paris climate agreement for the last 4 years. Unilateral trade actions that have been deemed illegal by WTO. [So] we have very serious human rights violations by the United States abroad.
Not to mention an insurrection on January 6th in our own country. Not to mention the continued massive racism, white supremacism and abuse and incarceration of hundreds of thousands of people in the U.S.: black African American; people of color. So I think that the whole premise of this story is a little bit odd.
[Keep obstructing the BBC host] And I found the framing of it not what I expected. I thought we were going to talk about climate change, which we should. But I think that the idea that there is one party that is SO guilty - how can we talk to them?! - is just a strange way to address this issue. [Keeps blabbing through the host] We have a US that is engaged in four... [Finally stops as you can't understand anything anymore due to the crosstalk]...
[Host talks about how the focus at the moment is China, with regard to the Biden comments] The U.S. always! Excuse me for one moment! The US always attacks other countries. It holds itself sacrosant. It's really outrageous. Because I know what goes on in American foreign policy. And I know how abusive it is. And I know what it is to live in a RACIST society, which I happen to do. Where a significant part of this country is racist! Followed a racist president! Who led an insurrection on the capitol. And so the framing of this issue is strange. That's what I'm saying.
[Starts interrupting the host again] I believe... I believe that the two leading polluters absolutely need to clean up their act. ... The United States is emitting 15 tons of CO2 per person in this country, twice what China is emitting per capita. And the two countries together are about 40% of the CO2 emissions in the world and we are wrecking the climate.
HOST: I wonder what you make of what Jeffrey is saying there? ...
TENG BIAO, a Chinese human rights activist and lawyer exiled from China: Yeah, what Professor Sachs has just said is exactly the Communist Party's narrative strategy. Every time the United States criticizes the human rights abuses in China, the Chinese government says, "Look at YOUR country! Look at YOUR racism! Look at YOUR history! You killed Indians, Native Americans!" So that is political what-aboutism. That is really misleading.
America is not detaining modern [inaudible], not killing a whole people. That's a really different human rights violation. I also criticize America's racism and other social justice issues, but that's a really different level. And the Chinese government is committing genocide in Xinjiang? And China is breaking its international commitment all the time. I myself was kidnapped and detained and tortured. And many of my friends are still in prison in China. One thing related to this is that China never keeps its promises. It has signed and ratified more than 25 international human rights treaties, like a convention against torture. But torture is rampant. I myself was tortured, so how can you expect China will keep its commitment in terms of climate change? The Chinese government doesn't care about climate change. It doesn't care about human rights. Can you imagine that a regime that commits a [inaudible] genocide, cares about the faith of this planet?
[SACHS (asked to respond):] *Deep sigh* I find this discussion absolutely bizarre. Shall we talk about the US dropping bombs and uh, and uh... flying US warplanes over Yemen, creating mass destruction right now? Shall we talk about how many people have died in Iraq, because of the US' illegal action? There are so many wonderful, important things to talk about. There really are.
HOST: Well, sorry, I did just ask you about the environment...
SACHS: I know, but this is such a strange framing. Of course, China has... - abides by treaties. The United States walked out of most of the treaties recently! The United States walked out of the Iran treaty that was approved by the UN Security Council, and by the UN member states. And then unilaterally imposed sanctions on the civilian population of Iran to bring as much suffering as possible! That is an absolute abuse! Are we here to talk about that?
HOST: But there is a new administration now...
SACHS: Well, uh, I hope... That's good.
HOST: You state your point there that we have got to talk about what America has also done. Whether or not there is an equivocation there, you know, Teng Biao just described your behavior as [Chinese-style] "what-about-erism" and you just parroting the lines of the Chinese...
SACHS: [Starts interrupting:] That's not what about ... Well, I'm sorry, that is ABSOLUTELY unfair.
HOST: He is ALLOWED. He is ALLOWED his view of your view...
SACHS: Of course! And I'm allowed to completely disagree with it.
HOST: And you have. But I am...
SACHS: No, it's not about what-aboutism! It is about how we are going to get along on this PLANET. ... I believe that the framing of this story - of how can the US trust China - is bizarre. I think that the coup... Excuse me. No! [Do not interrupt me!] I think the Chinese and the US should sit down for serious talks and then they can forge a pathway, as they did in 2015, to reach the Paris Climate Agreement. And then China stayed in the Paris Climate Agreement and then Donald Trump, a psychopath as president of the United States, walked out of the Paris Climate Agreement. So let's get the framing right."

January 20, 2020, France 24 France YouTube channel, 'US exceptionalism is self-destructive', Jeffrey Sachs tells FRANCE 24': "A lot of the US establishment has been obsessed with Iran for decades. Part of it goes back to the hostage taking 40 years ago, after all, in 1979, when the US-backed Shah of Iran fell from power. And with that obsession and actually so many things the US has done against Iran, including arming Iraq to go to war with Iran after 1979, in the 1980s, the relations have been frought. President Obama tried to normalize those relations and that was the right approach. We had this important agreement Trump, who is unstable and dangerous actually for the whole world and dangerous for us in the United States, has gone out to break this agreement and I'm afraid that European leaders have been so sadly passive and ineffective in defending the agreement that the whole world, other than Trump, backs. And this is what is so dangerous right now. Iran has been squeezed massively by US economic sanctions and Europe hasn't done anything. And so Iran has said, "What are we supposed to do? We are not going to abide now by this agreement." Europe huffs and puffs not against Trump, but against Iran! Saying, "You have to abide by the agreement!" But the fact of the matter is, Europe should find its voice and say to Trump, "Stop the bullying. We want a global agreement with Iran. If you don't want it, that is your business. But none of these sanctions against us for going forward with what the whole world other than you, Mr. Trump, wants." ...
It's a bit crazy when you are just one versus the other 192 members of the United Nations. So what I'm saying to the American people primarily is, "Look, it's not working. We've been at failed war after war. We are spending trillions of dollars, in Iraq, in Afghanistan, in Syria, in Libya. It's been disaster after disaster, this exceptionalism. It's self-destructive. Now we are doing it on climate. On the brink of war with Iran.

December 21, 2020, Vice, 'Workers Say Patrons Ignored Nonprofit Leader's 'Culture of Fear' for Years': "Former employees told VICE World News that complaints about [Sachs protege, the black Belay] Begashaw have been made to upper management, and Sachs, for almost 10 years. Even after the investigation into Begashaw finally began in Rwanda, former employees said, investigators at the auditing firm KPMG were not thorough, and not independent enough from the organization itself. ...
Begashaw ... said he was a former Minister of Agriculture in Ethiopia (he wasn't exactly, as it turned out) [but] he rose quickly, with Sachs's blessing. ... Belay Begashaw quite literally wanted the largest desk in the office. ... Begashaw regularly berated staff. "He was a bully." [Finally] Begashaw was put on leave in July as the organization investigated accusations of harassment, discrimination, anti-Semitism, and mismanagement staffers had levied against him."

Source(s): 2007-2008, 2010-2022 (steering committee no later than 2017).

Chair and CEO of Google.

Source(s): 1985, 1988, 1994.

Kissinger protege.

Source(s): 2008

Close David Rockefeller friend. Hoover Institution, etc.

Source(s): 2013

Director, Policy Planning, U. S. Department of State. President and CEO New America Foundation.

Source(s): 1990, 1994, 2000, 2002.

Formed his Open Society Institute / Open Society Foundations in 1979. Member CFR 1988-, director 1995-2004. Founded his International Crisis Group in 1995. Almost annual World Economic Forum in Davos visitor since at least 1996. Sat on the board of Refugees International by the late 1990s. Trilateral Commission membership lists: May 2001, 2003, 2004, 2005 lists.

February 10, 2009, Forbes, 'In Pictures: The Wealthiest At The World Economic Forum': "A regular each year at the Davos meeting, Soros gave a keynote address to an opening media lunch, spoke at private dinners, huddled in a hotel lobby with the Nobel Prize-winning economist Joseph Stiglitz and sat for round after round of interviews."

Jan. 25, 2008, globalcustodian.com, 'CEOs At World Economic Forum Annual Meeting Cite Sovereign Wealth Funds As The New Power Broker': "We need a new sheriff to police global financial markets-75% disagreed with this motion, which was led by Nandan Nilekani, executive co-chairman of Infosys Technologies. 25% agreed with George Soros, chairman of Soros Fund Management, who was for this motion. ...
59% of the delegates also agreed that Central bankers have lost their focus and control with respect to economic governance, as put forward by Joseph Stiglitz. ...
81% of delegates in the studio audience voted with Ibrahim Dabdoub, CEO of the National Bank of Kuwait, for the motion: New stakeholders such as sovereign wealth, hedge and private equity funds, have become the new power brokers."

• April 17, 2000, George Soros for The Guardian, 'The means to an end': "The phenomenal rise of Vladimir Putin out of nowhere bore an eerie resemblance to the feat of political engineering that got Boris Yeltsin re-elected in 1996. From long experience with Boris Berezovsky, I saw his hand in both operations.
  I first met the Russian financier and industrialist at the World Economic Forum in Davos in January 1996. The Communist candidate for the presidency of Russia, Gennadi Zyuganov, had been well received by the business community at Davos. I told Berezovsky that if Zyuganov was elected, he would not be safe in Russia.
  I wanted him to support Grigory Yavlinsky, whom I considered the only honest reformer among the candidates, but I was naive. I did not realise to what extent Berezovsky was involved in dealings with Yeltsin's family. According to his own public statements, my warning about his safety concentrated his mind. He got together with the other leading Russian businessmen who were attending the Davos conference and they formed a syndicate to work for Yeltsin's re-election. That is how they became the oligarchs.
  It was a remarkable piece of political engineering: Yeltsin started with an approval rating of lower than 10% and they succeeded in getting him re-elected. The campaign was managed by Anatoly Chubais. I do not know the details, but I can use my imagination. When one of Chubais's aides was caught leaving the Russian White House - the headquarters of the prime minister and his government - with some $200,000 (£125,000) in a suitcase, I am sure it was not play money.
  The oligarchs extorted a heavy price for their support of Yeltsin. They received shares in the most valuable state-owned companies as security against loans they made to the state budget in an infamous "loans for shares" scheme. After Yeltsin won the election, these companies were put up for auction and the oligarchs divided them among themselves.
  I know Chubais well. In my opinion he is a genuine reformer who sold his soul to the devil in order to fight what he called the red-brown menace - a combination of socialism and nationalism - which he believed would come to dominate Russia unless he did something to prevent it. After Yeltsin's re-election he again took charge of the economy, but he had difficulty controlling the oligarchs."
• Jan. 27, 2010, BBC, 'Davos 2010: Soros calls for break-up of big banks': "[Soros] called for a radical break-up of banks that are "too big to fail". He also backed US President Barack Obama's proposed reforms to limit the size of banks at the World Economic Forum in Davos. ...
  The boss of Barclays Capital, Bob Diamond [opposed]... Other bankers, like Jacob Frenkel of JPMorgan Chase, have said they were worried about "bad regulation"."
• January 21, 2016, The Guardian, 'Davos 2016: Soros says Donald Trump is doing the work of ISIS - as it happened': ""By fearmongering he and (Ted) Cruz are doing the work of ISIS. They want people to turn against the Muslim community and make the Muslim community think there is no alternative to terrorism. It turns the Muslim community into a breeding ground for Isis.""
• January 20, 2017, RealClearPolitics.com, 'George Soros: Trump Is A "Con-Man," "Would-Be Dictator" Who Is Going To Fail'.
• January 24, 2020, Youtube channel of 'Bloomberg Markets and Finance', 'George Soros Says Facebook is Conspiring to Re-Elect Donald Trump' (WEF speech).

Early 2001, George Soros at WEF to Ben Cashdan: "Today South Africa is very much in the hands of international capital."

Source(s): 1982, 1989, 1990, 1992 (mainly Vernon Jordan, a member of the same law firm, visited)

Partner in Akin, Gump, Strauss, Hauer & Feld.

Source(s): 1998, 2002, 2007-2010, 2014, 2017, 2018 (steering committee).

....

Source(s): 1989-1998 (joined steering committee in 1991), 2000, 2003-2007, 2009-2015.

....

Source(s): '07-'19 (steering committee since at least '10 and still anno '21).

....

Source(s): 1999-2004. In 2011-2012, 2014, his John L. Thornton China Center was represented at Bilderberg by Cheng Li.

Joined Goldman Sachs in 1980. Co-CEO Goldman Sachs International 1995-1996. CFR member 1997-. Chair Goldman Sachs Asia 1996-1998. Co-president and co-COO of Goldman Sachs 1999-2003. Left the bank when CEO Henry Paulson decided to stay on in CEO (until 2006). Bilderberg visitor 1999-2004.

Director Ford Motors 1996-, at a time that Henry Ford grandson, William Clay Ford, Jr., an old friend of Thornton at the Hotchkiss School, was chair and CEO of Ford Motors. William Ford received that largest amount of Goldman Sachs shares during its 1999 IPO. Some accusations of conflicting interests between Goldman Sachs and Ford. Anno 2021, Thornton has become the longest-serving independent director of Ford.

Helped raise money for Bill Bradley's Democratic campaign in 2000. Chair Brookings Institution anno 2005. Founding chairman Nelson Mandela Legacy Trust in 2005. Anno 2021 trustee vice chair of the all-black Morehouse College, where Martin Luther King Jr. and Julian Bond (co-founder SNCC; chair NAACP, etc.) went.

China ties

Director HSBC Bank 2008-2013. Founding member in 2009 of the international advisory council of the China Investment Corporation, a Chinese sovereign wealth fund. Senior consultant and spokesperson for the Confucius Institute, labeled in 2020 by the U.S. government as a propaganda spy recruiting front for the Chinese government. Member of the China Securities Regulatory Commission. Director China Unicom Limited in Hong Kong. Chairman of Silk Road Finance Corporation. Advisory board member of the Tsinghua University School of Economics and Management in Beijing, along with various other elites.

October 10, 2018, followcn.com, 'Miles Kwok tells about Wang Qishan's meeting with Wall Street bankers': "I have met some friends, and talked, interestingly, about the arrangement for a meeting between [former banker and then-China's vice president] Wang Qishan on September 16th with all the Wall Street giants from the United States like JPMorgan, Goldman Sachs, Blackstone, and others. John Thornton, and nearly all the important bankers on Wall Street, went for the meeting on Sunday. [Another] one of them [was] former US assistant Secretary of State in charge of Asia affairs... President of China's Central Bank talked further about the policies. ...
Wang Qishan ... said, "Brothers, tell me what you want. I can give you everything. You have come here to invest for so many years. Has anyone of you ever lost a dollar here? Other people might have made a loss, but you, all of you, have made your money. We have opened the banking sector for you, give you shares, and you have made huge amount of cash. In future, you are going to make more money. Only one nation, one government – we the CCP would give you the guarantee to make such money, and more. I'll let you make more billions, tens of billions, hundreds of billions." ... He went on to say that "we not only promise your making money this life, but also promise that your future generations will make lots of money cooperating with us. Do you think you can do well with an 'anti-China' mind? ...
Don't get your hands into Hong Kong or Taiwan, I'll tell you. Hong Kong has returned to us for 20 to 30 years; even if we don't do anything, it will be us in fifty years. In the past, the GDP of Hong Kong made up 25% of China's total, but now 1.5%. ...
We can compete with you by eating grass. But you need to eat steak and fly in private jets. We have nothing to be afraid of. So don't talk about bullshit. Just follow my words and make your money. I guarantee that.
"What you need to do is try to win the midterm elections. Do not let this crazy man Donald Trump control the US."
These American friends took his words seriously. But what happened next surprised them all. [On October 7] The Chinese government announced [the first] measures to cut the reserve requirement ratio (RRR). ... They never dreamed that the Chinese government would have cut the RRR. Why? All these Wall Street bankers, back to the US after this meeting, have talked high in their reports to the US Administration about the CCP. ...
All these bankers felt cheated and they are furious! When I heard of this, I felt very good. And I said to these stupid bankers, "Now you have known the nature of Wang Qishan, and you have seen through the nature of the CCP. They are liars. They will cheat you, without consulting you at all!"

September 9, 2018, Financial Times, 'Beijing summons top Wall Street bankers for tariff talks': ""Former Chinese central bank governor Zhou Xiaochuan, left, and John Thornton, chairman of Barrick Gold, will chair the China-US Financial Roundtable. ...
Beijing had hoped to continue a series of “strategic and economic dialogues” with Washington that were established by Mr Paulson and Mr Wang in 2006. But Mr Trump discontinued the semi-annual meetings.
"The Chinese can't really get their heads around the fact that there's nobody to deal with [in the Trump administration]," said one person who recently met with Chinese trade negotiators. "They can't get a trade deal or even a framework for a deal."
President Xi Jinping's administration has also found that its most trusted interlocutors on Wall Street appear to have little sway over Mr Trump."

Steve Bannon ties

September 22, 2017, New York Times, 'In Beijing and Abu Dhabi, Signs of Bannon's Continued Influence': "In Beijing, Mr. Bannon spent 90 minutes with Wang Qishan [vice president of China since 2018]... John L. Thornton... helped arrange Mr. Bannon's meeting with Mr. Wang..."

January 3, 2018, Washington Post, 'Inside the tumultuous relationship of Donald Trump and Steve Bannon': "John Thornton — a former co-worker of Bannon's at Goldman Sachs whom Bannon has described as a "mentor" — saw Bannon work closely with Trump during the transition... He said in an interview Wednesday that he was impressed at how smoothly they got along and by how the president listened closely to Bannon's advice on issues ranging from the economy to China. ...
Bannon and Trump were introduced in 2010 by David Bossie, who rose as a hero on the right when as a congressional staffer in the 1990s he helped to investigate Bill Clinton and went on to become president of Citizens United, a conservative group whose work includes a movie pillorying Hillary Clinton."

October 14 2018, The Times, 'Gold mine boss digs in with Bannon': "John Thornton, third from left, was pictured lunching with Nigel Farage and Steve Bannon at Brown's in Mayfair [this past weekend]."

March 27, 2019, Vogue, 'I Watched the New Steve Bannon Documentary, The Brink, So You Don't Have To': "What isn't so easy to understand is where Bannon got the money to fund his global anti-globalist campaign... He's too scared, of course, to fess up about it, even when directly asked, but speaks in reverent tones about (and with) two men: John Thornton, a former Goldman Sachs president who chairs the world's largest gold-mining company and has a long history of investments in China, and Miles Kwok, a.k.a. Guo Wengui, a Chinese billionaire forced to flee China after allegations of bribery, kidnapping, money-laundering, fraud, and rape before settling in the United States and joining Donald Trump's Mar-a-Lago Club in Palm Beach. (Spoiler alert: At the end of the film, we learn that Kwok has funded a Rule of Law Fund to the tune of $100 million. Who manages the fund? Bannon, of course.)"

Barrick Gold

Director Barrick Gold 2012-, executive chair 2004-. In May 2017 Acacia Mining in Tanzania, a Barrick Gold-owned corporation, was accused of severely underreporting its mining and exports of gold (by a factor of 10, which actually is a questionable claim), with a subsequent investigation claiming that copper and silver were also underreported, and minirals as iron, iridium, titanium and zinc not listed at all.

May 24, 2017, Reuters, 'UPDATE 2-Tanzanian president fires mining minister and chief of state-run agency': "Tanzania President John Magufuli ... said the investigation report revealed that Acacia Mining [owned by Barrick Gold] declared the presence of gold, copper and silver in its mineral sand exports but did not declare other precious metals in the consignments. "The committee (investigating the exports) found that there were many other minerals in those shipping containers that were not declared, such as sulphur, iron, iridium, titanium and zinc," Magufuli said. "They were also under-invoic ing the actual gold, copper and silver content in those shipping containers.""

October 21, 2019, mining-technology.com, 'Barrick Gold and Tanzania reach $300m deal on Acacia Mining'.

Source(s): 1970 list only..

General counsel DOD 1961-1962. Secretary of the army 1962-1964. Member CFR 1968-. Member Pilgrims Society from at least 1969 to at least 1995. Deputy secretary of defense 1964-1967. Bilderberg visitor in 1970. Trustee Rockefeller Foundation 1970-1976, chair 1975-1976. Founding member of David Rockefeller's Trilateral Commission 1973-. Secretary of state 1977-1980. Lifetime involvement in more than 40 important NGOs.

Source(s): 1982-1983, 1986-1988, 1992, 1997, 2009-2010 lists (never steering committee).

Economist at the New York Federal Reserve Bank 1952-1957, mentored by Robert Vincent Roosa. Financial economist with the Rockefeller's Chase Manhattan Bank 1957-1962. Brought into the Treasury Department by Roosa 1962-1965. Vice president and director of planning at the same Chase Manhattan Bank 1965-1969. Secretary of the Treasury for international monetary affairs under Nixon (and besides Kissinger) 1969-1974, playing a key role in doing away with the Bretton Woods system in which the dollar was pegged to gold reserves. CFR member 1970-.

President of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York 1975-1979. Chair of the Federal Reserve 1979-1987. Chair President's Economic Recovery Advisory Board under Obama 2009-2011. Member Trilateral Commission from at least 1978 until his death in 2019, following up David Rockefeller as chairman over 1991-2001. Remained a Trilateral Commission executive after stepping down as chairman for many years to come (Peter Sutherland took over as chairman). Regular visitor Bilderberg 1982-2010.

Close associate in many NGOs of David Rockefeller and Henry Kissinger. Lifetime involvement in about 70 important NGOs, placing him around the 10th place in ISGP's Superclass Index at the time of his death.

Source(s): 1978 list only.

Among the few African-Americans in elite circles. In 1950 he married Dolores Duncan, whom he met at Harvard. By the 1980s she was president of the Fund for Corporate Initiatives, Inc., focused on enhancing the situation of women and minorities within American corporation. She came to serve on the boards of Phillips Petroleum, Kellogg, and Gannett.

Entered Harvard College at age 16, in 1942/1943. BA in history from Harvard in 1947. Harvard College radio station's first African American voice. Founder and first black secretary of the National Student Association (NSA) at Harvard (the NSA was CIA funded and founded in 1947, but a connection is not clear). First African American to earn an MA in international affairs from the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) in 1948.

Employed at the Nelson Rockefeller-founded American International Association for Economic and Social Development 1948-1953. Master of arts in 1956 and Ph.D. in economics in 1958, both from the Rockefeller-founded University of Chicago. Employee at John D. Rockefeller III's Agricultural Development Council in Malaysia starting in 1958, leaving as vice president in 1970. CFR member 1966-. Trustee Rockefeller Foundation 1970-, chair 1982-1987. President Michigan State University 1970-, at a time of many student riots. First black chancellor of the State University of New York, the largest university system in the country and considered hopelessly bureaucratic at the time, 1978-mid 1980s.

Visited Bilderberg in 1978. Founding member Bretton Woods Committee in 1985, alongside Bilderberg veterans as David Rockefeller and George Ball. Director of Time Inc., Ford Motor Company and Federated Department Stores anno 1988. Member Trilateral Commission by 1990. Involved in the elite Boule black fraternity and various other elite NGOs. U.S. deputy secretary of state Jan.-Nov. 1993, but forced to resign after secretary of state Warren Christopher leaked rumors he wasn't satisfied with Wharton. Speculation existed that Wharton was being used as a scapegoat. Director New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) from late 1993.

Source(s): 1984-1987, 1989, 1990-1992 (steering committee), 1993-1997.

Partner Goldman Sachs 1956-1984 and senior partner and co-chair 1976-1984. Chair of the international advisory board of Goldman Sachs 1984-1985. Advisory chair SEC 1968-1970. Director New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). Member Conference Board, the CFR, and the Trilateral Commission (1982-1985), a bilderberg regular between 1984-1997, and a councilor at CSIS. Deputy secretary of state under George Shultz 1985-1989. Lifetime involvement in over 65 important NGOs, many alongside David Rockefeller and Henry Kissinger.

Source(s): 1985, 1987 (steering committee), 1988-2000, 2002-2003, 2005-2015 (listed as steering committee in 2010, so likely for many preceeding years too), 2017 lists. bilderbergmeetings.org/governance.html (accessed: June 17, 2010; first capture): "Steering Committee... Kissinger, Henry A. ... Sutherland, Peter D. ... Wallenberg, Jacob ... Wolfensohn, James D."

...

Source(s): 1990, 1994-1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2010 lists (steering committee at one point, likely in the mid 1990s).

...

Source(s): 2003, 2005 lists.

Well-known editor, columnist and news host. See the Trilateral Commission list for details.

Source(s): 2003, 2006, 2008-2015 (steering committee), 2017 lists.

Graduated from Harvard's Kennedy School of Government in 1981. Counselor State Department 1989-1992. CFR member since 1991. Undersecretary of state for economic and agricultural affairs under George H. W. Bush 1991-1992. White House deputy chief of staff under George H. W. Bush 1992-1993.

Executive vice president and general counsel of Fannie Mae 1993-1997. Research Scholar at Harvard's Belfer Center in the 1990s. Director CFR 1994-2001. Member Trilateral Commission since at least 1995, continuing off and on in later decades. Director Aspen Strategy Group on Foreign Policy 1996-1999. President and CEO CSIS 1998-1999. Member Defense Policy Board anno 2000, as well as a board member of the European Institute, the Eurasia Foundation, the National Bureau of Asian Research, the German Marshall Fund, the American Council on Germany, the American Institute for Contemporary German Studies, etc. By 2001 he was a senior international advisor of Goldman Sachs.

Part of Bush's 2000 Vulcan election team, together with James Baker III and George Shultz protege Condoleezza Rice. Involved in overseeing the controversial Florida recount of 2000 that won Bush the elections. U.S. Trade Representative under George W. Bush 2001-2005. Regular Bilderberg visitor since 2003. Deputy secretary of state under George W. Bush 2005-2006.

Chairman international advisory board of Goldman Sachs 2006-2007. President World Bank 2007-2012. Senior fellow at Harvard's Belfer Center 2012-. Again chairman international advisory board of Goldman Sachs 2013-2016. Involved in at least 40 important NGOs over his lifetime.

Source(s): 2006-2007 lists.

Executive director 9/11 Commission in 2003.

Source(s): 1994 list only.

Chair and Editor-in-Chief, U.S. News & World Report, New York City.

Source(s): 1978, 1983-1984, 1987, 1989, chairman of Bilderberg 1990-1998, 2013.

Chairman of the Australia and New Zealand Bank 1969-1970, with directorships in Hambros Bank and Barclays Bank in the 1960s and 1970s. Defence Secretary 1970-1974. Chairman of the Conservative Party 1972-1974. Foreign affairs minister 1979-1982. President Pilgrims Society 1983-2002. Founding director of Kissinger Associates 1982-1984, 1988-1997. Director general of NATO 1984-1988. Died in 2018. Among the best-connected globalist of his time, with involvement in over two dozen important NGOs, including the CFR, Bilderberg and Trilateral Commission.

August 24, 1982, Washington Post, 'Kissinger's New Team ': "Kissinger Associates Inc. ... Its president is retired Gen. Brent Scowcroft. [Directors:] Lord Carrington... Robert O. Anderson... Per Gyllenhammer... William D. Rogers...
Kissinger, since leaving office as secretary of state in early 1977, has served on the international advisory committee of Chase and of Goldman Sachs..."

April 24, 1996, Princeton University press release, 'Lord Carrington, Former Secretary-General of NATO, to Speak on Foreign Policy at Princeton': "[Carrington] is currently a director of The Daily Telegraph, chair of the Australian and New Zealand Banking Group International Board of Advice, co-chair of the Hollinger Advisory Board, a member of the Chase Manhattan Bank International Advisory Council, a member of the Coca-Cola European Advisory Council [Warren Buffett's company], and a member of the Volvo AB International Advisory Board."

Source(s): 2009-2010, 2012, 2017-2019 lists.

...

Source(s): 1971, 1980, 1992, 1998 lists.

...

Source(s): 1954-1958, 1960-1965, 1967, 1971, 1973-1975, 1980-1981, 1984, 1986, 1992 (co-founder and steering committee member for 30 years)

In 1936 he won an exhibition scholarship to Balliol College, Oxford. Member of the Communist Party 1937-1940. At Oxford, Healey met future Prime Minister Edward Heath (then known as "Teddy"), whom he succeeded as president of Balliol College Junior Common Room, and who became a lifelong friend and political rival. Became a prominent Labour politician. MP 1955-1992. Secretary of state for defence 1964-1970. Chancellor of the Exchequer 1974-1979. Deputy leader of the Labour Party 1980-1983.

1986, Harold Wilson, 'Memoirs: The Making of a Prime Minister, 1916-64': "[Denis Healey] is a strange person. When he was at Oxford he was a communist. Then friends took him in hand, sent him to the RAND Corporation of America, where he was brainwashed and came back very right wing. But his method of thinking was still what it had been, in other words, the absolute certainty that he was right and everybody else was wrong..."

March 10, 2001, Jon Ronson for The Guardian, 'Who pulls the strings? (part 3)': "This is how Denis Healey described a Bilderberg person to me: "To say we were striving for a one-world government is exaggerated, but not wholly unfair. Those of us in Bilderberg felt we couldn't go on forever fighting one another for nothing and killing people and rendering millions homeless. So we felt that a single community throughout the world would be a good thing."
He said, "Bilderberg is a way of bringing together politicians, industrialists, financiers and journalists. Politics should involve people who aren't politicians. We make a point of getting along younger politicians who are obviously rising, to bring them together with financiers and industrialists who offer them wise words. It increases the chance of having a sensible global policy."
"Does going help your career?" I asked.
"Oh yes," he said. Then he added, "Your new understanding of the world will certainly help your career."
"Which sounds like a conspiracy," I said.
"Crap!" said Denis Healey. "Idiocy! Crap! I've never heard such crap! That isn't a conspiracy! That is the world. It is the way things are done. And quite rightly so." ...
"We aren't secret," he snapped. "We're private. Nobody is going to speak freely if they're going to be quoted by ambitious and prurient journalists like you who think it'll help your career to attack something that you have no knowledge of." ...
I asked him if he'd ever taken any pictures inside Bilderberg. "Oh yes," he said. "Lots and lots of photographs." I eyed the albums. ... "Could I have a look at them?" I asked him. Lord Healey looked down at his lap. He thought about my request. He looked up again. "No," he said. "Fuck off.""

Source(s): 1968.

MP 1950-1987. Financial Secretary to the Treasury 1957-1958. Minister for Health 1960-1963. Shadow Secretary of State for Defence 1965-1968. His Bilderberg appearance came 6 days after his infamous "Rivers of Blood" speech in which he warned of the dangers of Third World immigration. 67 and 82 per cent of the UK population agreed with Powell's speech, but the establishment criticized, with Edward Heath firing him as shadow secretary of state for defense immediately after his Bilderberg visit.

Source(s): 1998, 2001 lists.

...

Source(s): Attended all conferences between 1969-2002; steering committee since at least 1975; chair 1985-1989.

Member of Ernest Bevin's team negotiating post-war aid for Britain under the Marshall Plan; and he took part in the Schuman Plan discussions on the future of the European coal and steel industries. Economic Minister and British director of the IMF and World Bank in Washington, D.C. 1962-1964. Director Bank of England 1968-1977. Deputy chairman of S.G. Warburg & Company 1967-, co-chairman 1974-1987. After (fellow-Pilgrims Society member) Siegmund Warburg's death in 1982, Roll and the veteran Warburg partner Henry Grunfeld fulfilled the role of "uncles" within S.G. Warburg. Stayed an advisor to S.G. Warburg until it merged with UBS into UBS Warburg. Director Times Newspapers Ltd, 1967–80 and Times Newspapers Holdings Ltd, 1980–83. Governor of the Atlantic Institute for International Affairs anno 1987. Member CFR. Member Trilateral Commission since at least 1975. Member of Bilderberg's Steering Committee since at least 1975. Chairman of Bilderberg from 1985 to 1989. Governor of the Ditchley Foundations. Member Pilgrims Society anno 1980.

Source(s): 1989-1998 (steering committee 1991-), 2000, 2002-2007, 2009-2014.

Came to Bilderberg in 1995 with the biography: "Former Member, Commission of the European Communities; Member, Action Committee for Europe; Chairman Designate, Allied Irish Banks." 1st director-general of the World Trade Organization (WTO) 1993-1995. Chairman Goldman Sachs 1995-2015. Chairman BP 1997-2010. Director of Allianz, Koc Holding (Turkey) and BW Shipping in Singapore late in his life. Possibly the best-connected globalist at the time of his death in 2018, with involvement in over three dozen important NGOs.

Source(s): 1964, 1966 lists.

Special assistant to the European Director of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration in 1948. Co-founder and first executive secretary of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1948-1965, first director-general of GATT 1965-1968. GATT was first discussed during the 1947 United Nations Conference on Trade was signed by 23 nations in Geneva on 30 October 1947. In 1995 GATT was largely replaced by the World Trade Organization (WTO).

Source(s): 1959-1995 (certainly steering committee and advisory committee at times), 1996, 1999, 2001, 2003-2011, 2013-2015.

Professor of Western Cooperation after World War II at the University of Leiden, where many Dutch royals and other elites study. Jaap de Hoop Scheffer was among his pupils. Secretary of State for European Cooperation anno 1957, which is when he first met Rockefeller protege Henry Kissinger, at the time Kissinger was promoting his book 'Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy'. President-director of royal KLM airlines, where he became involved with Prince Bernhard.

Source(s): 1961-1964, 1967, 1969-1977, 1979-1980, 1982 (member advisory committee from at least here to at least 1992), 1984, 1986, 1988-1989, 1991-1992, 1994-1996, 1998.

Private secretary to Queen Wilhelmina of Orange 1945-1948. Dutch Foreign Office 1948-1952, during which he was head of its German Bureau and Director of European Affairs. Vice president of the Netherlands' Schuman Plan delegation in 1950, serving as Secretary to the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) 1952-1956. Founding vice president and secretary general of the Action Committee for a United States of Europe (ACUSE), founded in 1956 and headed by Jean Monnet, "Europe's founder". Regular Bilderberg visitor since 1961.

Among the founding group of the Club of Rome in 1968, but did not serve (long) on the steering committee. Gianni Agnelli of Fiat was an early financier of the Club of Rome, with Baron Daniel Janssen being the Bilderberg elitist (regular member and steering comm. '69-'00) the longest involved with the Club of Rome (full member 1970-1984, associate member 1985-2020s).

Founding European chairman of the Trilateral Commission from 1973 until at least 1975, but continued as a member until 1998. President European University Institute. Advisory board European Policy Centre, together with Sir Peter Sutherland and Lord Kerr of Kinlochard.

2008, A.G. Harryvan and J. van der Harst, 'Max Kohnstamm: A European's life and work', foreword, pp. 3, 6: "Max Kohnstamm is a co-founder of the European Union. ... When he was the designated candidate to lead the second Action Committee for the United States of Europe (the successor to the Monnet Committee [The obscure 1984-founded Action Committee for Europe]) in the 1980s, he assigned himself the role not of president but of secretary, a behind-the-scenes -part. Kohnstamm had the feeling he could be more effective in that position. ... This [new] Committee played a notable part in bringing about the European Common Market (Chapter Eight)."

Source(s): 1962, 1965, 1972 (in 1984 nephew Aarnout Loudon visited).

Second son of Shell founder Hugo Loudon (1860-1941), who did so with the later pro-Hitler Sir Henri Deterding. By 1922 he was closely associated with Deterding, who would become a major Nazi supporter in the 1930s:

August 11, 1917, Petroleum Review, p. 92: "Royal Dutch [Shell] Company: ... General Managing Director - H. W. A. Deterding. Managing Directors - H. Loudon..."

1922, American Oil Directory, p. 367: "Consolidated Hollandsche Petroleum: ... Directors: ... Sir H. W. A. Deterding... Dr. J. Th. Erb, John H. Loudon..."
Curaçaosche Petroleum Maatschappy: ... Directors [4 total]: Sir H. W. A. Deterding. John H. Loudon. H. F. Preuite. Dr. A. Capadose."

Joined Shell in 1930.

1935, Fairplay's Annual Summary of British Shipping Finance, p. 28: "Anglo-Saxon Petroleum Company ... Directors: Sir H. W. A. Deterding. Viscount Bearstead. Sir R. W. Cohen. A. Agnew. ... J. H. Loudon."

Chairman and CEO of Royal Dutch Shell 1951-1965, chairman advisory board 1965-1975. Founding chairman of the initial board of Chase Manhattan's International Advisory Council 1965-, together Gianni Agnelli and other Bilderberg/1001 Club elites. President WWF. Member 1001 Club, along with Prince Bernhard, David Rockefeller, Laurance Rockefeller, the Bechtels and other elites.

February 9, 1996, New York Times, 'John Loudon, 90, Ex-Head Of Royal Dutch/Shell Group': "His father, Hugo Loudon, was one of the pioneers who built up Royal Dutch and became president of its board. John began his career at the group in 1930... He moved easily in the realm of political leaders as diverse as de Gaulle and the Shah of Iran. He kept close friendships with such business leaders as David Rockefeller and Henry Ford II. ... When David Rockfeller, the president of Chase Manhattan Bank, set up an advisory committee in 1965 to counsel the bank on its growing international business, Mr. Loudon was named as chairman. He retired from the group in 1977. ...
After a year he returned to the Netherlands and married a daughter from an aristocratic Dutch family, Marie van Tuyll van Serooskerken. They had three sons. She died in 1988."

The van Tuyll van Serooskerken family is an aristocratic family deeply linked to sustainable development in Germany, the Netherlands and Great Britain. It also has an important link to 2002 death of prime minister-to-be Pim Fortuyn, who was assassinated by an environmental fanatic. Check the Dutch 1001 Club membership/biography list of ISGP for details.

Shell's pro-Nazi history under 1900-1936 general manager Sir Henri Deterding (founded shell with Hugo Loudon in 1890):

August 7, 2009, New York Times, 'Reich Oil Monopoly Sought by Deterding': "It is reported confidentially from Berlin that the object of Sir Henry Deterding's recent visit to Chancellor Hitler at Berchtesgaden, where he stayed for four days, was to discuss the conditions for granting a monopoly to the Royal Dutch and Shell Companies of petrol distribution in Germany for a long period of years. Chancellor Hitler's terms were unsatisfactory and the negotiations have broken down temporarily."

August 4, 1997, CNN Money, 'Why is the World's most profitable company turning itself inside out?': "Shell executives say that archive films showing the birthday celebrations of Henri Deterding, Shell’s last strong, single master, are eerily reminiscent of Hitler’s rallies. Indeed, Deterding harbored Nazi sympathies; had he not retired from Shell in 1936, the company’s subsequent history might have been different."

June 27, 1938, Time magazine, 'Ruddy Old Gent': "By 1903, backed by the Rothschilds, he set out to buck [the Rockefeller's] Standard Oil. [Shell chairman Henri] Deterding lost more than $4,000,000, but fought Standard to a standstill (in spite of the free lamps Standard gave away) and won a market in China. From then until the War he was busy grabbing up new properties in Mexico, Venezuela and California. ... Author Roberts thinks his backing of Hitler and his admiration for Mussolini are based on his hatred of Communism, which was born of frustration when he lost the oil of the Caucasus. And his second wife was a White Russian, his third a German."

Source(s): 1954-1975 (founding chair until the 1976 Lockheed affair, when Bilderberg was canceled over it that year).

On the founding of the Bilderberg meeting:

1962, Alden Hatch, 'H. R. H. Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands: An Authorized Biography', pp. 103, 214-217: "Chief of Staff, general Walter Bedell Smith. Bedell Smith was destined to become one of his closest friends. ...
Being above all a realist, [Joseph] Retinger understood that even a united Europe could not stand by itself without America. In 1952 he became deeply concerned about the rising tide of anti-Americanism in practically every country of Western Europe. It was not confined to Communist-influenced or left-wing circles, but was equally prevalent among conservatives and liberals. The United States was disliked, feared, and sneered at with a unanimity that was remarkable among the peoples of Europe. This feeling threatened the solidarity of the Western world's defences against Communism. Retinger was not the type of man to sit wringing his hands. He evolved a brilliant plan for coping with this situation, but he needed powerful assistance to put it into effect. So he asked his friend Dr Paul Rijkens to get him an appointment with Prince Bernhard, who has described their meeting:
"It all started when Retinger came to me and sat here in this room and told me about his worries concerning the rising tide of anti-Americanism in Europe. I was worried about it, too. It seemed illogical in the face of the Marshall Plan, military assistance, NATO, etc., which had done so much for all of us. I suppose it was partly the natural human instinct to bite the hand that feeds you, and partly real grievances. I said to him, 'Yes, you're quite right. It's very bad.' Retinger said, 'Well, would you like to do something about it?' And I said, 'Of course.' ...
[Retinger's plan] consisted of two parts. The first was to get the leaders of opinion in the most important European countries to make an appraisal of where the Americans were wrong, apart from being rich, powerful, generous, and rather stupid, and what they could do to put things right. The second was to present this frank critique to leaders of American opinion and give them an opportunity to answer the indictment at a completely private meeting of top-level people from both continents [Bilderberg].
Bernhard was all for it, but an unusual instinct for caution made him say, "It sounds wonderful, but I'd like another opinion. Let's find out what van Zeeland thinks about it." (Van Zeeland was Prime Minister of Belgium.)
Van Zeeland thought something should be done, and quickly. Reinforced by his approval, Bernhard went to work with Retinger reckoned, could supply the answers. The idea was to get two people from each country who would give the conservative and liberal slant. Then Bernhard, using his personal prestige and royal leverage, induced, with the help of Retinger, who knew practically all of them, most of those selected to co-operate.
It was quite a list. Van Zeeland wrote a paper for Belgium, Hugh Gaitskell and Lord Portal spoke for Great Britain, Prime Minister Alcide de Gasperi for Italy, Foreign Minister Ole Bjørn Kraft of Denmark for Scandinavia; Guy Mollet (former Socialist Prime Minister) and Conservative Prime Minister Pinay for France, and Max Brauer, Otto Wolff von Amerongen, and Dr Müller for West Germany. Prince Bernhard himself handled the complaints of Holland, with the help of leading Dutch politicians and industrialists.
When all the reports came in Bernhard and Retinger found that many people of different countries and different parties gave the same reasons for disliking Americans, although there were, of course, some people with special grouses of their own. Bernhard, Retinger, and Rijkens synthesized the answers into a single report covering the main criticisms. Then Bernhard sent it confidentially to some of his American friends with the proposal that they organize an answer.
The election of 1952 was in full swing in the United States, and political brickbats were flying. Nobody had any time for Prince Bernhard. Averell Harriman [CFR member 1924-] said, "I won't touch it. It's dynamite." Eisenhower [CFR member 1949-] said, "Great! I'd like to use it in the campaign," to which Bernhard replied, "Good God, NO!"
The matter had to go over until after the election. Then Bernhard went to the United States - and, incidentally, got the bad news from Walter Reed. He saw a number of American politicians, and after several more rebuffs he went to his friend Bedell Smith [CFR member 1952-], who was then head of the C.I.A. Smith said, "Why the hell didn't you come to me in the first place?"
Even then things moved slowly. Smith became Under-Secretary of State for newly elected President Eisenhower, and was engulfed in the business of putting a new administration together. He finally turned the matter over to C. D. Jackson [CFR member 1950-], a special assistant to the President, and things really got going.
Jackson got in touch with John S. Coleman [CFR member 1955-], President of the Burroughs Corporation of Detroit, who was a member of the newly formed Committee for a National Trade Policy under the presidency of Senator Robert Taft's brother, Charles Taft. This committee undertook to draft an American reply, and a number of private citizens. Other famous Americans were invited. Most of the administration officials ducked nervously, so the American delegation was rather weighted towards industry, but it included such eminent Americans as Joseph E. Johnson [CFR member 1947-; NOT an initial BB visitor; first went in 1955]; , of the Carnegie Endowment of International Peace, Dean Rusk [CFR member 1952-; NOT an initial BB visitor; first went in 1955], then head of the Rockefeller Foundation, as well as David Rockefeller [CFR member 1942-; director ] and H.J. Heinz II [CFR member 1952-].
All this took time, which is why the first meeting did not take place until May 1954. By then, is spite of Eisenhower's personal popularity, the United States was at an all-time nadir of popularity in Europe. As the Europeans saw it, a soldier was in the White House, even though he was the least militant of military men. The Government was in the hands of the conservative Republican Party for the first time in twenty years. And, worst of all, Senator McCarthy was roaring through the land witch-hunting for Reds. His arrogant stooges had just completed their book-burning tour of American embassies in Europe, and the whole American career image of America, erstwhile land of democracy and freedom, was covered with mud.
Under these circumstances it looked as though there would be a heated session at the Hôtel de Bilderberg. Prince Bernhard, who was chairman, said, "The meeting was most encouraging because people accepted the idea that there would be no publicity, and everybody could speak for himself, irrespective of his position, quite frankly-and fight!"
At the memory Prince Bernhard's eyes lit up, and he said, "It was a beautiful meeting because sparks were flying like crazy between Americans like C. D. Jackson and Britishers like Sir Oliver Franks and Denis Healey and Hugh Gaitskell."
Jackson himself described the meeting as follows: "It was all very new and different. We were tucked away in a forest way back in Holland. There were no reporters. Tight security with guards all over the hotel. IN the opening hours every one was uneasy, nervous, sniffing each other like strange dogs. They were afraid to talk very much.
"Prince Bernhard was everywhere using his charming wiles. People began to thaw. Then they began to fight, which was good. The Prince kept things in hand. ...
Naturally the Europeans were continually needling the Americans about McCarthy. Many of them seemed genuinely fearful that the United States was heading for a Fascist dictatorship. Therefore, on the third day, Prince Bernhard announced, "Even though it is not on the agenda, there has been so much talk of McCarthyism that, if there is time, I am going to ask Mr Jackson to tell us the American view on that." ...
[Jackson] pointed out that in the American system of government and politics, "We are certain to get this kind of supercharged, emotional freak from time to time." Then he reached back into history for the same sort of demagogue, telling them of the spectacular but short-lived careers of Father Coughlin and Huey Long.
He said that he knew it was hard of Europeans to understand how a Senator of the President's own party could say things on the floor of the Senate completely at variance with the Governments's policy. But, he pointed out, there was no way to stop a United States Senator when he went on a rampage. Party discipline was non-existent in that case. Therefore, Jackson said, the Europeans were right to be interested in this peculiar phenomenon of Senator McCarthy, but wrong to be fearful that he was the first step towards Fascism.
Finally Jackson made a rash prediction: "Whether McCarthy dies by an assassin's bullet or is eliminated in the normal American way of getting rid of boils on the body politic, I prophesy that by the time we hold our next meeting he will be gone from the American scene."
The fact that within a comparatively short time McCarthy was rebuked by the Senate and lost virtually all his prestige and power made the Europeans feel that they had heard the truth about America. George McGhee of the United States Department of State says, "The really bad misunderstandings between Europeans and Americans were dissipated at the first Bilderberg. Since then there has never been such a sharp division between us and Europe." ...
Joseph E. Johnson became the first Secretary on the American side. Otherwise the organization was kept as loose as possible to allow maximum flexibility. To insure this the Steering Committee tries to have a turnover of at least twenty percent of new faces at each meeting. This was made clear at the outset, so that people who are not asked back every time would not consider it an affront.
Combined with this is the unwritten rule that anybody who has ever been to a Bilderberg Conference should be able to feel that he can, in a private capacity, call on any former member he has met. To this end a list of names and addresses is maintained to which all participants have access. This makes possible an expanding continuation of association for people who might not otherwise have met.
Three days at a Bilderberg Conference are not only a stimulating but also an extremely exhausting experience, especially for Bernhard and the other members of the Steering Committee. H. J. Heinz II described a typical day: "We sit from nine o'clock in the table. Right after lunch we go at it again until seven o'clock. Fifteen minutes to wash up, and then an executive session of the Steering Committee. That lasts an hour, and then we have dinner. After that we talk some more, informally. It's a fifteen-hour day, at least!" Another member of the group said, "We meet in such beautiful places, but we never have time to look at the scenery."
Since 1954, meetings of the Bilderberg group have been held once a year, sometimes twice. The Steering Committee meets more frequently. The regular sessions are attended by from fifty to eighty people. Each meeting is held in a different country, but follows the same pattern. An entire hotel is taken over and closely guarded. The members all live together, eat and drink together, for three days. Wives are not invited. Dr Rijkens says, "More important things are done and better understandings are often arrived at in private conversations at lunch or dinner than in the regular sessions. Through the years we have achieved a sort of brotherhood of friendship and trust."
The expenses or each meeting are borne by private subscription in the host country, and Prince Bernhard always presides-though not by his own choice. At the very first meeting he tried rotating the chairmanship, putting van Zeeland in the second day and Mr Coleman the third. It did not work. The other Europeans thought that van Zeeland was too political and the American Democrats felt that Coleman was too old-guard Republican. They all begged him to become permanent chairman. Because he was royal and therefore apolitical, and, furthermore, came from a small nation with no large axes to grind, he was, in fact, the logical choice. In addition every one agreed that he handled the meetings extremely well. Mr Heinz says, "If Prince Bernhard had not existed Retinger would have had to invent him."
Prince Bernhard in his methodical way prepares very carefully for each meeting by an intensive study of all the subjects on the agenda. Then he takes copious notes at the meetings, and at the end of each session tries to sum up what has been said and perhaps add a few impartial words of his own to clear the air. In spite of his preliminary work, Prince Bernhard confesses, "I always go to the meetings with a feeling of great nervousness. There are so many explosive possibilities. But it is always tremendously stimulating and enormously interesting-in fact, great fun.
"One thing that worries me beforehand is suppose some key person does not show up and the discussions are a flop? We have had very little trouble with that."
One meeting Bernhard was particularly nervous about was the one at St Simons Island, Georgia. United States Senator J. William Fulbright, Senator Wiley and several American congressmen were coming for the first time. The rule of the meetings is that each man is allowed five minutes to talk, and at the end of this time the Prince is allowed five minutes to talk, and at the end of this time the Prince begins to make signals. But he generally gives them a minute more before taking action. "Once or twice I've had to be unpleasant to somebody, but that is very difficult for me," he says. "It is also difficult to keep a big boy from talking too long. I swing my wristwatch in front of his face and say, 'Ah, ah, more than five minutes!' And if somebody makes a really short speech I say, 'Now that is wonderful. The shorter the speech the more it sticks in our minds.' But that does not always help, you know. Some people are very difficult."
At St Simons some of Bernhard's American friends said, "What are you going to do with the American politicians? You just can't shut up a United States congressman or senator. They aren't used to it."
Bernhard didn't quite know himself. But before the meeting he went to the American politicians and in his most ingratiating way said, "Now, look, gentlemen, my American friends are afraid to tell you this, but we have had this rule about five-minute speeches at all our meetings. So would you be very kind and do me a favour, a personal favour, and stick to the rule, because I will be finished for the future if I let you get away with a long speech."
"They said they would be delighted; no problem at all. 'It is perfectly O.K. with us.' And they never broke the rule at all. The only person I had trouble with was a European."
The only meeting, other than the first, at which Bernhard did not preside all the way through was the one in Switzerland in 1960. He arrived from one of his "selling trips" looking utterly exhausted and with a bad cold. After presiding at the opening session he developed virus pneumonia. He chose E. N. van Kleffens to take the chair. Prince Bernhard says, "This satisfied everybody, because van Kleffens had once served as President of the Assembly of the U.N."
The Bilderberg meetings are never dull. Even though the group has become, as McGhee says, "like belonging to a fraternity," sparks have flown at nearly every one. At St Simons in 1957 the French, British, and Americans almost came to blows over Suez. At another it was Quemoy and Matsu. The Europeans could understand the American attitude about Formosa, but defending the off-shore islands seemed to them military madness for the sake of tweaking the dragon's tail. "At least we made them understand the necessity of taking more interest in the Far East," says McGhee.
Other hot issues have been the Common Market and British and American attitudes towards it. And Cuba! There is always something to make the sparks fly; and, like lightning, these electrical discharges clear the atmosphere.
Any attempt to evaluate the effect of the Bilderberg group is made nearly impossible by the very nature and object of the conferences, which is not to act or even to convince, but rather to enlighten. As Prince Bernhard says, "You are not asked to agree, merely to listen."
At one point the inevitable lack of concrete results you could put your finger on made Prince Bernhard wonder if its was worth while continuing. He sent out a query to that effect to the members. A storm of protest, especially from the Americans, convinced him that he should go on. ...
However, the intangible results are admittedly the greatest-the bringing together in friendship, even intimacy, of the leaders from many nations and the effect of their confidential reports on the governments of their countries. An example is the case of the United States during President Eisenhower's administration. When asked if he thought Eisenhower had been influenced by the Bilderberg discussions Prince Bernhard said, "I don't know. Of course, I talked to Ike about it when I needed his help to give American officials the green light to come to the conferences. Although C. D. Jackson and Bedell Smith were in favour of it, there were a lot of people in the State Department who thought one should not go. They would not allow their people to come at first. Then after the first meeting they lifted the ban. Anybody could come. The same thing happened with de Gaulle.
"As to whether Ike paid any attention to the reports of our discussions, I could not say."
However, General Eisenhower said to this writer: "I always had one of my people go to the Bilderberg Conferences [Dr Gabriel Hauge]. I'm in favour of anything-any study of that kind which helps international understanding. The Bilderberg meetings enlightened me; I'd get viewpoints from other than official channels. Not that I always agreed with them; there were so many points of view that somebody had to be wrong; but it was still important to know them."
The present American Government is even closer to Bilderberg because President Kennedy has virtually staffed the State Department with what C.D. Jackson calls "Bilderberg alumni"-Secretary of State Dean Rusk, Under-Secretary of State George W. Ball, George McGhee, Walter Rostow, McGeorge Bundy, Arthur Dean, and Paul H. Nitze over at Defence. However, the Steering Committee tries to keep a fairly even balance between Republicans and Democrats. ...
[Interviews George Ball, who also talks about Dean Rusk's support]...
The Italian Ambassador in London, Signor Quaroni, said "What a pleasant change [Bilderberg is]! In other places diplomats always lie to each other." ...
Even if Europe moves too slowly towards political unity Prince Bernhard optimistically believes that it will arrive if the whole place is not blown up first. He foresees a United States of Europe in which borders are reduced to an absolute minimum, and there is a common currency, a common financial policy, a common foreign policy, and a common policy of trade. The nations will give up so much of their sovereignty as is necessary to implement this. However, the Prince thinks they will retain their national identities.
Prince Bernhard in his higher flights of optimism even look to the day, fifty or a hundred hears from now, when the Iron Curtain may be rolled up and put away. He believes that as the old Bolsheviks die off and the young Russians, who have lost the hot crusading fervour of the Marxist Revelation, take over, there will be a return to a more democratic type of socialism and a loosening of discipline that will make it possible to bring those lost lands back into the European sphere. "Allen Dulles laughs at me," he says, "but I think that the Russians will again become friends with us, as they have been before.
"For this I know, and even Allen Dulles agrees, that Communism inside Russia is not the sacred shibboleth it used to be. A lot of Russians frankly admit that they use it in other countries as propaganda in order to bring them into their sphere. But that in Russia itself it is getting a little out of date. That's a lovely thought, but when it will come, or if it comes in time, who shall say.""

May 29-31, 1954, 1st Bilderberg conference paper: "An American speaker said that McCarthyism had not only rocked the world, but had caused many misunderstandings between the United States and her friends. There were two aspects of the phenomenon: chasing Communism and combating Communism. On McCarthy as a chaser of Communists American opinion was divided into three camps: those who strongly disapproved, those who approved of the aims of McCarthyism but who disapproved of the methods used, and those who were in complete agreement with it. The speaker believed that these three currents of opinion would continue to exist as long as McCarthy was in the Senate. McCarthyism had caused a split in religious circles, while among the general public tens of millions of sincere Americans disagreed on the subject. McCarthyism, moreover, had caused strife between the legislature and the executive. Communism at the present time certainly made a greater impact than it had done formerly, and McCarthyism might have fostered it to a certain extent. The speaker believed, however, that in the long run the American political system would peacefully and democratically absorb McCarthyism.
The Communist threat presents itself in different ways in varying countries ... To most Americans it appears as a foreign conspiracy alien to all national traditions and traitorous in nature. To many Europeans Commumsm, while no less dangerous, appears as an ugly perversion of certain Left-wing movements with long historical backgrounds. It was agreed that, in certain nations of Europe, many people vote Communist without considerina themselves disloyal to the country, but in protest against what they regard as wrongs and injuries.
Nevertheless, the best way to counteract Communism is for the free countries to demonstrate to the world that an adequate standard of living can be achieved for all people under conditions of freedom. ...
America sometimes charges its allies with slowness and undue deliberation, in meeting the Communist threat. European nations sometimes feel that the United States is unreasonably impatient. The main difference between the European and American attitude towards the Communist threat is a different sense of timing. Both the Europeans and Americans understand that Communism ... is an active enemy requiring positive, energetic and steady opposition. ...
The opposition to Communism must be carried out through democratic means. Hatred must be kept to a minimum... It must be countered by a moral as well as a material force having superior power to command men's minds and hearts.
Political conditions which facilitated the expansion of Communism in Europe were mentioned on several occasions. Among these were the Leftist and, in some cases, the extremist tradition, which had deep roots in certain countries of Europe, in particular Italy and France.
The need for really good governments was of primary importance, and another speaker added that there must be stable governments if we want to carry out certain reforms. In this respect, France could follow the United Kingdom's example. For instance, M. Pinay's government gave the French people the impression of recovering its power of action and stability, enabling the government to take decisions which were even accepted by the working classes who felt that thanks to this stability the standard of living could be raised.
The view that the growth of Communism was not automatically related to economic conditions led many delegates to advocate the necessity for better democratic education.
It was recalled that the United Nations Charter sets forth the proper role of nations holding responsibility over less developed areas of the world. It is a role of trust, in the nature of a sacred mission, and has been so accepted by the nations signing the U.N. Charter.
From the outset of the discussion it was pointed out that on the American side there was a strong and traditional feeling that Colonial people should be free. Emotionally, Americans still felt a little like colonials, but from a rational point of view, as public opinion grew more sophisticated, they were discovering that a too sudden liberation might work out badly for all concerned.
Many Europeans felt that Americans were too impatient on the issue of colonialism. Americans, on the other hand, felt that Europeans were too patient. In the great nationalistic storm they would all be swept out of Asia and Africa, with most unfortunate results.
Speaking on the same subject, a German participant pointed to the danger of allowing Communism to become the champion of liberty in under-developed areas. ...
Continuing in this train of thought, another participant said that in his opinion the responsibility of the Western nations towards newly liberated countries did not cease when, after ensuring that such countries were strong enough to withstand Communism, they were granted their independence. It should be remembered that colonial territories were willing to pay a high price for their liberty and would cheerfully accept a reduction in their standard of living in return for such liberty. If the former colonial powers would not continue to help them, an economic crisis might arise which would pave the way for Communism. Responsibility lies equally with Europe and with the United States. ...
Meanwhile Retinger brought in many men of the non-Communist but radical left who might not have responded to an invitation from Prince Bernhard. However, even these would probably not have consented to attend a conference with the men of the conservative right had they not been reassured by having in the chair a completely non-political figure. As Dr Rijkens said "No one but Bernhard could have induced such old antagonists as Guy Mollet and Antoine Pinay to sit at the same table."

Source(s): 1954 list (first meeting; co-founder); 1956 paper, Joseph Retinger, 'The Bilderberg Group' ("superintendent of the treasury").

Dutch. Founding chairman of Unilever 1930-. Member of Prince Bernhard's Tie Club / Dasseclub 1948-. Key member of the Rijkens Group, an unofficial big business lobby created in 1952 that was trying to influence Dutch foreign policy in Indonesia. Both the Tie Club and Rijkens Group were very secretive.

Source(s): 1969, 1972, 1973 list.

Worked at Bank Mees prior to World War II. Joined Shell in 1946. Stationed at Curacao, Venezuela, Engeland, Indonesia and again in Venezuela. President-director Shell 1971-1977, chairman of the advisory board 1977-1987. Made waves in the Netherlands through the Wagner Report of 1981.

Source(s): 1954 and October 1957 lists (represented through Fiat president Vittorio Valletta); Oct. 1957-1960, 1962-1979, 1981, 1984-1998 (certainly steering committee until at least 1994), 2000 lists.

Grandson of Giovanni Agnelli (1866-1945), the founder of the Italian car manufacturer Fiat. Gianni controlled Fiat from 1966 until his death 2003. During this period he became Italy's richest man in history, whose Fiat controlled up to 4.4% of Italy's GDP.

Initially represented at Bilderberg through Fiat president Vittorio Valletta, this from the first 1954 Bilderberg meeting. Later a member of the International Advisory Committee (IAC) of David Rockefeller's Chase Manhattan Bank. Very close friend of Henry Kissinger, with whom he would regularly have Transatlantic phone calls. Kissinger also was a member of Fiat's international advisory board (as of 1995).

Source(s): 1983, 1994-1995, 1999-2000 lists.

Gianni's younger brother. His son died of a rare form of cancer in 1997, while being groomed as the next head of Fiat. Eventually this became John Elkann (Agnelli).

Source(s): 2005- (vice chair FIAT anno 2005); bilderbergmeetings.org/background/steering-committee/steering-committee (accessed: May 25, 2020): "co-chairs: ...Elkann, John..."

Took control of family firm Fiat after the death of his grandfather, Gianni Agnelli (1921-2003), in 2003.

Source(s): 1972-1980 lists (steering committee member).

Tied into Italy's old nobility. Son of Mariano Cittadini, one of the founders of Italy's Fascist Party in 1920. Foreign service officer 1932-. First permanent representative of the Italian Foreign Minister to the Council of Europe 1953-1956. Deputy secretary general OECD anno 1956. Fiat representative in France 1972-.

Source(s): 1954 only.

Christian Democrat PM of Italy 1945-1953. Minister of foreign affairs 1951-1953. Considered one of the "founding fathers" of the European Union.

Source(s): 1983-1995 (certainly steering committee), 1996, 1999, 2001, 2003-2011, 2013-2015 lists.

Scholarship to Yale in the late 1960s. Economics professor at the University of Turin 1970-1985. Rector Bocconi University 1989-1994, president 1994.

Bilderberg regular between 1983 and 2015, much of it as steering committee member. Member Trilateral Commission since at least 1985, EU chair -2012. European Commissioner 1995-2004. As a commissioner, Monti was part of the Prodi Commission and led the investigation into a number of high-profile and controversial mergers: Scania AB & Volvo (1999), WorldCom & Sprint (2000), General Electric & Honeywell (2001), Schneider Electric & Legrand (2001) and Carnival Corporation & P&O Ferries (2002).

Italy's minister of economy and finance 2011-2012. Prime minister of Italy 2011-2013.

Source(s): 1963, [March-April] 1967, [April] 1968 lists.

Manager Fiat early 1930s-1960s, and kept an affiliation through Italconsult into the 1970s. Deputy chairman of Olivetti at the time he founded the Club of Rome in 1968, a club famously known for its 1972 Limits to Growth report. Founding regional vice chaiman of the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) in 1972, with Robert O. Anderson serving as founding co-chair and Robert McNamara and Maurice Strong as founding advisory board members (the only two). Founding chairman of the Committee for Atlantic Economic Cooperation in 1967, founded at the Paris-based Atlantic Institute of International Afaairs, of which Peccei was a governor.

CLUB OF ROME

A key early meeting of the Club of Rome was held in October 1968 at the Rockefeller Foundation's Bellagio Center in Italy. Apart from Peccei, among the key 18 participants mainly scientists attended. Representatives of Litton Industries, General Electric and the RAND Corporation were present as well.

In late 1967 or early 1968, Alexander King, the director-general for scientific affairs at the OECD, invited Fiat, Olivetti and Italconsult manager Aurelio Peccei to his OECD office in Paris. This was after King read a 1966 speech of Peccei on sustainable development issues. King and Peccei learned that they agreed on most of these issues and decided to form the Club of Rome. Months after the founding of the Club of Rome, it held a key symposium at the Rockefeller Foundation's Bellagio Center in Italy.

March 2017, Matthias Schmelzer (Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany), Journal of Global History, ''Born in the corridors of the OECD': The forgotten origins of the Club of Rome, transnational networks, and the 1970s in global history': "In late October 1968, only half a year after the founding meeting of the Club of Rome, the OECD, in collaboration with the Rockefeller Foundation, held a 'Working Symposium on Long-Range Forecasting and Planning' in Bellagio, Italy. ... At this conference ... eighteen academics, businessmen, and bureaucrats in the field of technological forecasting discussed the long-term impacts of scientific and technological advances, and formulated a surprisingly blunt critique of unbridled economic growth.
The symposium served the Club of Rome core group, all of whom were present at the meeting, as an ideal place for the recruitment of new [scientific] members...
Jason Churchill may have exaggerated the Club of Rome's influence in Canada when he claims that the Club 'subsequently accepted as its mission to spread the Bellagio message to the world's leading policy-makers'. Yet the symposium, its debates, and the final declaration articulated in nascent form a worldview that could be called the 'Bellagio message'.
Besides the Italian industrialist Peccei and the German industrial designer Eduard Pestel, who secured the funding from the Volkswagen foundation for the first report, all the crucial personalities in the formative period of the Club of Rome were closely connected to the OECD."

The Club of Rome's 1972 report Limits to Growth, which has sold 30 million copies worldwide, has been much maligned, mainly by the right that accuses it of being for "zero growth" and "population control", with various pro-corporate elements worrying about governmental restrictions on production and pollution. However, the report did instill awareness on the public of the finity of natural resources. Its "Business as Usual" scenario has been proven to be quite accurate:

• Global population growth would peak around 2030 due to rapidly declining birth rates, somewhat offset by declining death rates.
• Natural resources to be mined would continue to dramatically reduce.
• Pollution would strongly increase.

Source(s): 1980, 1981 (joined steering committee), 1982, 1987, 1990, 2009 lists.

Postgraduate studies at the LSE in the 1960s.

Possible Strategy of Tension link

Teacher at the University of Bolognia until November 1978. On 2 April 1978, Prodi and 6 other teachers of the University of Bologna allegedly held a seance in which the words "Viterbo", "Bolsena" and "Gradoli" came up in relation to where the kidnapped former prime minister was held hostage by the Red Brigades. Prodi passed the information to the police, which searched these towns. Nothing was found. However, on 18 April a Red Brigades base was found at Gradioli street 96 in Rome, which was considered curious in a number of newspaper articles.

Minister of industry, commerce and craftmanship under Giulio Andreotti November 1978 - March 1979. Considered the founder of Italy's centre-left. international advisory director to Goldman Sachs 1990 to May 1993. (July 31, 2003, The Economist, 'The smearing of Romano Prodi') Prime minister Italy 1996-1998. President European Commission 1999-2004. Again prime minister Italy 2006-2008.

Prodi apparently opposed the Iraq War of 2003, while in the opposition of prime minister Berlusconi's pro-war stance, although this seems to have been lost in history:

March 27, 2003, Radio Free Europe, 'Tajik President Calls for End to War in Iraq': "[Tajik president] Imomali Rakhmonov, speaking to journalists on 26 March after meetings in Brussels with European Commission President Romano Prodi and NATO Secretary-General Lord George Robertson, called for an immediate end to hostilities in Iraq, Asia Plus-Blitz reported. Rakhmonov agreed with Prodi that continued military action in Iraq [the invasion had started on March 20 and would last until April 30] will result in a humanitarian crisis in the region."

June 15, 2006, Italy Magazine, '1,000 Italian troops to be withdrawn from Iraq': "In an open letter published on Wednesday by the Wall Street Journal, Foreign Minister Massimo D'Alema echoed Prodi's line: "The Italian centre left opposed military intervention in Iraq in March 2003. This does not mean however that the new Prodi government will turn Italy into a less useful partner for Washington."" There were a lot of protests in Italy against Berlusconi and the Iraq War in 2003.

February 16, 2005, #7, Solidair, interview with Jan Puype: "I was a guest at the birthday party of the ERT [European Round Table], which existed 20 years in 2003. That was a surreal feeling. I was the only journalist and walked between [Carlo] De Benedetti, [Etienne] Davignon [honorary chairman of Bilderberg], Leysen, [Romano] Prodi. 'What am I doing here for God's sake', was I thinking. But it was very interesting to see how things were done, of course...
I thought I was hallucinating [when Gerhard Cromme of ThyssenKrupp and the CFR began to speak]. Prodi was put in his place like a little kid [for having criticized the United States]. It became even more remarkable when the [European] Commission chairman [Romano Prodi] started to speak himself. He held a speech like 'friends, I will not do it again and I will be good from now on'. A completely different Prodi than the man I saw on television raising his finger against the Americans.
You can't say that the ERT decides everything that happens in Europe, but her influence is enormous... The ERT has a very efficient way of lobbying. The members write papers on the direction Europe should be going in terms of the environment, competition, technology, etc. Once these papers are finished inside the ERT, the machine starts running. The club sends out a team of delegates consisting of the most important members to the European Commission. Individual members take the messages to their national governments. The ERT thinks very pro-active. She is often the first to work on certain issues. That is also her strength. The introduction of the single currency, the Maastricht-Treaty, the Channel Tunnel, or the [EU's] expansion to the east: that all started at the ERT."

Source(s): 1986-1987, 1990-1996, 2000.

Member Italian Socialist Party. Diplomat 1950s-1980s. Repeatedly assigned to the European Union 1969-1984. Secretary general of Italy's Ministry of Foreign Affairs 1985-1987. Minister of foreign trade 1987-1991, under De Mita and Andreotti governments.

Member Bilderberg steering committee. 1986-1987, 1990-1996 (steering committee member 1992-), 2000. Director of Gianni Agnelli's Fiat 1991-1995, in charge of international relations. Member Trilateral Commission by 1993, remaining a member until 2005. Director-general World Trade Organization (WTO) 1995-1999, immediately after founding director-general Sir Peter Sutherland in 1995. Foreign affairs minister June 2000 - January 2001. Vice Chairman of the Citigroup European Investment Bank by 2005.

February 13, 2003, opendemocracy.net, 'Farewell Agnelli - Figure of Another Age': "When Berlusconi was appointed prime minister for his second term, Agnelli convinced him to take Renato Ruggiero on board as foreign minister... [Ruggiero] worked at the top of Fiat group for many years. Typically, such help was aimed at gaining acceptance for the controversial Berlusconi on the world stage."

Source(s): 1968 only.

Pre-World War II communist who eventually broke with Stalin in 1937. Secretary of Italy's Communist Party in 1927, when Mussolini sentenced him to prison. He would not get out until August 1943, after the allied invasion of Italian islands.

Author of the June 1941 'For a Free and United Europe: A Draft Manifesto', generally known as the 'Ventotene Manifesto', named after the Italian island of Ventotene, where up to 700 political enemies of Mussolini were held and where the manifesto was drafted. The 'Ventotene Manifesto' is considered a key document that initiated a federal Europe and the process of the European Union. Co-authors were Ernesto Rossi (Author), Eugenio Colorni (Preface; married Ursula Hirschmann in 1935; interned at Ventotene in 1939, where his wife stayed with him as a non-prisoner and eventually helped spread the manifesto; after Colorni's murder in 1944 she married Spinelli), Tommaso Padoa Schioppa (Foreword) and Lucio Levi (Contributor). The manifesto became very popolar in European resistance circles. As a result Spinelli became a key founder in 1943 of the European Federalist Movement.

Ursula Hirschmann, a member of a well-to-do Jewish family whose brother was tightly linked to the American government and the Rockefellers from at least 1940 on, was the wife of two manifesto writers: Eugenio Colorni from 1935 until Eugenio's death in 1944; and Altiero Spinelli, from 1945 on. Ursula's brother, Albert O. Hirschman, worked with Varian Fry and his Emergency Rescue Committee (ERC) in 1940-1941 to covertly bring thousands of Jews into the United States from occupied France. The ERC was supported by U.S. vice consul in Marseilles Hiram Bingham IV and Alfred Barr, the first (managing) director of the Rockefeller's Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) from 1929 to 1943 whose wife, also involved in the ERC, also worked at MoMa. The ERC would evolve into the CIA-tied International Rescue Committee (IRC). Albert Hirschman would continue as a Rockefeller Foundation Fellow at the University of California, Berkeley, 1941-1943. From 1943 to 1946 he worked for the OSS in North Africa and Italy. He went on to work in all kinds of elite positions.

May 16, 2013, The American Prospect, 'Rediscovering Albert Hirschman': "[At] the Ecole des Hautes Études Commerciales (HEC) ... in Paris [in 1933-1935], he found political mentors. The lover and later husband of his older sister Ursula, an Italian philosopher and socialist of range and depth named Eugenio Colorni, six years Hirschman's senior, became a cherished friend. Colorni, later a notable anti-fascist underground activist... Hirschman chafed at the narrow confines of the HEC, and in 1935 he applied for a fellowship at the London School of Economics [Jomo Kenyatta was being tutored here in 1935-1937 with support from the the Rockefeller Foundation; David Rockefeller studied here in 1938]. There he encountered the great economists of the age, both left and right. ... After three months [fighting] in Spain [against Franco], Hirschman followed Ursula to Trieste. ...
Hirschman followed the same path out in late 1940, armed with a fellowship offer from the Rockefeller Foundation. ... One important thing we do learn from Adelman is that Hirschman's courageous rescue instincts followed him from Marseille to Buenos Aires and Santiago. He used foundation and university contacts to secure positions in the U.S. for at-risk intellectuals in countries under dictatorships, much as the Rockefeller Foundation had done for him four decades before."

Augustus 27, 2014, onlinelibrary.wiley.com, 'Albert O. Hirschman: A ‘Beamish’ Social Scientist for Our Grandchildren': "In 1935, he won a one-year fellowship to the London School of Economics (LSE), where he took some of the courses taught by Lionel Robbins and Friedrich von Hayek — two major anti-Keynesians of the time. However, Hirschman's close friends in England were Keynesians, with whom he went to Cambridge ‘to hear the master’ (Hirschman, 2001: 54–59). His friends were wowed by Keynes, but Hirschman was sceptical of Keynesianism..."

1998, Albert Hirschman, 'Crossing Boundaries: Selected Writings', p. 59: "In the summer of 1935 I went briefly to Fote dei Marmi in Italy, because Colorni, who had become engaged to my sister, had a house there. I returned to Italy in December for Ursula and Eugenio's marriage. [In Paris] I had some excellent teachers in economic geography, and in money and banking, such as Albert Demangeon [a 1939 survey of his was sponsored by the Rockefeller Institute] and Henry Pommery. ...
Yes, in 1935 I received a fellowship for a year at that school. To understand my intellectual formation it is important to understand what was then happening in modern economics. For me this was a decisive year, even though the London School of Economics was not at all Keynesian. It was rather anti-Keynesian - in fact, Lionel Robbins and Friedrich von Hayek were among its principal teachers. I took some of their courses. But there were also some younger people, about my age, who had fled from Germany and Hungary, I joined these people spontaneously and we formed a group. They were all Keynesian and had been to Cambridge to hear the master. Among them there was a brilliant young economist ... Abba Lerner... Yes, to meet [Italian economist and Keynes friend/protege at Cambridge] Piero Sraffa [I went to Cambridge], who was, I think, a cousin of Colorni's. Eugenio wrote me a letter of introduction, so I managed to have a long and agreeable talk with Sraffa..."

ias.edu/press-releases/albert-o-hirschman-1915–2012 (Institute for Advanced Studies): "Hirschman left Germany in 1933 for France, where he studied economics, finance and accounting. In 1935, he received a one-year fellowship at the London School of Economics. From London he went to Barcelona to fight in the Spanish Civil War, saying, "I could not just sit and look on without doing anything." He completed his studies in Italy at the University of Trieste, where he received a doctorate in economics in 1938. Racial laws enacted by Mussolini compelled Hirschman to return to Paris... Hirschman volunteered for service in the French Army and was enlisted in 1939. With the collapse of the French Army in 1940, he fled to the south of France. There he met Varian Fry...
Hirschman immigrated to the United States in 1941 with the help of a Rockefeller Foundation fellowship at the University of California, Berkeley. ... In March 1943, Hirschman enlisted in the U.S. Army and was sent to North Africa and Italy as part of the Office of Strategic Services... With the war’s end, the Hirschmans settled in Washington, where Albert worked for the Federal Reserve Board on European reconstruction, focusing on new initiatives within the Marshall Plan agency. In 1952, they moved to South America, where Hirschman worked as an economic adviser to the country of Colombia."

December 23, 2012, New York Times, 'Albert Hirschman, Optimistic Economist, Dies at 97': "Born in Germany, he fought on the anti-fascist side in the Spanish Civil War and later joined the French Army in its resistance to the Nazis. When France fell in 1940, he became an integral part of a rescue operation led by the journalist Varian Fry that helped more than 2,000 people escape to Spain [and then into the U.S.]... By the early 1940s, he had moved to the United States and enlisted in the Army, which sent him to North Africa and to Italy as part of the Office of Strategic Services. ... Later, he worked with the Federal Reserve Board, focusing on European reconstruction under the Marshall Plan. In 1952, he moved to Colombia to be an economic adviser to that impoverished but rapidly developing country. A few years later, he was back in the United States, beginning a 30-year academic career ... at Yale, Columbia and Harvard."

Spinelli was an 1968 Bilderberg visitor, with his daughter visiting in 1980 and 1993. Member European Commission 1970-1976, in charge of industrial policy, under Jean Rey, the European Commission president contacted by Klaus Schwab for support of Davos. Founding member of Davos in 1971, continuing as a patron in subsequent years. Member European Parliament 1979-1986.

...

Source(s): 1980, 1993.

Daughter of Altiero Spinelli. Editorialist and European Correspondant, La Stampa, Paris, anno 1993. Member European Parliament 2014-2019.

Source(s): 1954 and October 1957 lists.

Director of Fiat 1926-, CEO 1939-1945. Removed over pressure for his fascist loyalties in 1945, but reinstated at Fiat in 1946. President of Fiat 1946-1966. Clearly present at the first Bilderberg meeting as a representative of the Agnelli family.

Source(s): 1990, 1992, 1996, 1999.

Economist who played a major role in transforming the East Block states into pro-West market economies. Visited his first two Bilderbergs of 1990 and 1992 as "Professor and Director, Institute of Soviet and East European Economics, Stockholm School of Economics". His last two, in 1996 and 1999, he visited as "Senior Associate, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace".

2009, Anders Aslund, 'How Ukraine became a market economy and democracy' (Peterson Inst. publication), pp. 29-35: "At the request of philanthropist George Soros, Professor Oleh Havrylyshyn and I went to Kyiv in the second week of August 1991 [a good year after Soros and Aslund both attended their first Bilderberg conference] to evaluate Ukrainian thinking on economic concern. He opened all doors for us. ... Finding qualified economists in Kyiv was not easy in August 1991. [Eventually we concluded that] the building of a market economy would evidently be postponed until Kravchuk and [his chief communist economist Oleksandr] Yemelianov were gone. ... Curiously, [Yemelianov] was soon ousted because of a sordid corruption scandal. ...
Kravchuk cleverly switched from communism to Ukrainian nationalism without a hitch, gaining popular credibility with surprising talent. ...
I had the privilege of assisting Kravchuk for two days at the World Economic Forum in Davos in January 1991. I was surprised by his friendliness and humility, but it was difficult to believe that he would become the leader of a big country. When I met him a few years later and complained about his failed economic policies, he did not defend himself but looked down unhappily."

1995, Anders Aslund, 'How Russia Became a Market Economy', pp. 92, 91: "In September 1991 I went to Moscow twice. The first visit was with economist Jeffrey Sachs for a World Economic Forum meeting...
In 1990–91 the Soviet economy fell apart. The causes were many. No one could control wages any longer, as newly autonomous enterprise managers raised both wages and prices. Competition arose between the Soviet govern-ment and the governments of the union republics, leading to ever higher social expenditures and lower taxes. The 15 union republics increasingly refused to send their tax revenues to the union treasury. Worse yet, 15 new republican banks started competing with the Soviet Gosbank by issuing credit in rubles. Meanwhile, most prices stayed fixed, leading to nearly complete shortages. In 1991 GDP probably fell 15 percent, and the budget deficit was about one-third of GDP. Inflation exceeded 100 percent, and a vast monetary overhang guar-anteed much higher future inflation. The Soviet Union emptied its currency reserves completely and defaulted on its foreign payments. By the autumn of 1991 the Soviet economy had collapsed. People feared starvation because of the nearly complete shortages. Output was in free fall, and the country was on the verge of hyperinflation. ...
Minister of Privatization Anatoly Chubais (1999, 29) added, "At the end of 1991, the spontaneous privatization was steamrolling all over. It was the theft of the common property, but this theft was not illegal, because legal schemes of destatization did not exist.” His insight was that what was not privatized would soon be stolen. Therefore, the Russian reformers opted for a simplified version of the Czech voucher privatization in order to privatize as much as possible as quickly as possible. ...
- ... The Russian government failed to deregulate domestic energy prices and exports of oil and gas early on. Gaidar understood this issue well, whereas Yeltsin did not. ... In December 1991 international oil prices were 200 times higher than the state-controlled Russian oil price at the free exchange rate. The gains from arbitrage of the few well-connected players who indulged in this game were just too large. ...
- ... Russia received no international financial support for its economic reforms during the crucial five months of energetic reform from November 1991 to March 1992. ... Only on April 1, 1992, when the reformers were losing out [did] Bush and ... Kohl declare their intent to mobilize a Western aid package of $24 billion. ... Russia [then] did receive substantial Western financial “support,” but it was in the form of export credits, notably agricultural credits designed to support US and EU agriculture, which impeded Russian economic reforms by reinforcing rent seeking."

Why Russian reforms failed according to Aslund:

1. Because Russia is the root of communism and not conquered territory, such as eastern European, and also due to the severity of the collapse and the enormous price differences between Russia's state-controlled prices and the international free market, Russia's "shock therapy", if anything, needed to be more severe than the ones applied to eastern European. However, for a multitude of reasons, this did not happen. In many ways the views of reformers were obstructed.
2. Russia was completely bankrupt and needed external funds to even initiate reforms. However, from November 1991 to March 1992, Russia under the briefly popular reformist Yeltsin did not receive any international aid. It wasn't until the reformers started losing out that Bush and Kohl put together a $24 billion aid package. Russia then received the aid in the form of export credits, meant to support EU and US agriculture. This, however, "impeded Russian economic reforms by reinforcing rent seeking."
3. Yeltsin should have dissolved parliament and call for early elections in October/November 1991, when he was popular. He didn't, leaving a communist-dominated parliament in place that became very obstructive and inconsistent in subsequent years, blocking many of Gaidar's proposals. In Czechoslovakia and Hungary early reelections did take place during the reform process.
4. In a first setback, on November 22, 1991, Yeltsin and the reformers were unable to get their chosen man, Boris Fyodorov, appointed as head of Russia's central bank (he became director of the World Bank instead 1992-1993). Instead, the Russian parliament was responsible for appointing Georgy Matiukhin. Matiukhin did not want "shock therapy", and opted to for a middle of the road approach that allowed for 10% inflation a month.
5. Reformers wanted to do away with the old Soviet Union's ruble zone as quickly as possible and replace with new national currencies. This move was heavily opposed by the emerging oligarchs who "wanted to continue to export their worthless wares to other former Soviet states at the expense of Russian state credits" and pro-communists wanted to keep it in place for sentimental reasons. Hyperinflation in the ruble zones soon emerged and it wasn't until the Autumn of 1993 that new finance minister Boris Fyodorov was able to have it dissolved (he also finally liberalized energy prices). At the point the Russian central bank still did not support this move, leading to more chaos and disorder.
6. Yeltsin opposed Gaidar's (soft) advice to deregulate energy prices and export of oil and gas. In December 1991 the Russian oil price was 200x lower than the international one, leading a number of major players (the emerging oligarchs) to gain enormous profits through arbitrage. In May 1992 Yeltsin fired the minister of energy for supporting energy deregulation, replacing him with Gazprom founder Viktor Chernomyrdin. A month later he appointed two more "state enterprise managers" as deputy prime ministers.
7. Tied in with all this is that Yeltsin purposely refused to do away with all the veterans of the now defunct Communist empire. Despite favoring reform and often appointing young reformers whom he did not know, he remained "closely connected with the old [communist] apparatchiki and KGB officers, with whom he socialized." The core of the KGB was kept in place to run the new FSB. The same was true with old Soviet Ministry of Gas Industry, which became Gazprom, and the nuclear and railways industries. These elements staying in place is a good part of the reason that a militarist Russia started to reemerge under Putin from 2000.
8. Proper IMF funding started to make it to Russia over 1995-1997. Inflation fell, the stock markets went up, but GDP fell and budget deficits kepts running at 8-9%, too much for the Russian economy to bear. Part of the deficit problem was that The oligarchs were able to not pay any taxes until after the 1998 economic crash. They would also stash a large part of their profits in overseas accounts.
9. 1997 "banker's War": Russian ministers attempted an honest privatization of Svyazinvest, but the oligarchs undermined it.
10. The 1997 Asian Financial Crisis, caused by George Soros' attacks on the currencies of various Asian countries, also led to a withdrawal of foreign investments in the Russian economy, sending it into a collapse.
11. July 1998: IMF, World Bank and Japan put up a $22.6 billion rescue package that stabilized the Russian economy.

Anders Aslund became a prolific social media troll later in life:

• June 28, 2015 tweet by @anders_aslund: "Soros is right. Ukraine has turned against old regime & for reform while Syriza gov wants to preserve old bad ways. http://project-syndicate.org..." Only reply to this tweet: "Someone turned troll instead of being analyst. Everybody is troll these days. Soros is one as well."
• June 24, 2016 tweet by @anders_aslund: "Winners on #Brexit: Populists, Le Pen, Putin, lawyers, & lobbyists. Losers: EU, Europe's people & economy & Ukraine."
• August 29, 2016 tweet by @anders_aslund: "So Jeffrey Sachs has become a protectionist also, not only supporting Assad's mass killing of his own people." [reply to a @JeffDSachs tweet from earlier that day: "Obama tries to sell lousy trade deal as issue of US power in Asia. Absurd. We should reject TPP until it's fixed."]
• August 30, 2016 tweet by @anders_aslund: "Support for Assad: "...enabling Assad (with Russian and Iranian backing) to defeat the Islamic State..." https://project-syndicate.org" Reply to @JeffDSachs earlier in the say replying: "I'm neither protectionist nor Assad supporter. I'm against egregious corporate privileges & CIA-Saudi wars of regime change."
• Jan. 24, 2020 tweet by @anders_aslund: "George Soros, the billionaire philanthropist, accused Facebook of helping to re-elect Trump in the 2020 election in exchange for the president’s protection, Politico reports. “Facebook will work to re-elect Trump and Trump will protect Facebook” (Daily Beast)"
• Feb. 18, 2020 tweet by @anders_aslund: "George Soros in FT: "Mr. Zuckerberg appears to be engaged in some kind of mutual assistance arrangement with Donald Trump that will help him to get re-elected....Mark Zuckerberg and Sheryl Sandberg should be removed from control of Facebook.""
• June 11, 2020 tweet by @anders_aslund: "Tucker Carlson loses advertisers for racist remarks. Apparently the market does more to oppose racism than the US law enforcement under the current regime. https://bloomberg.com"
• Sep. 28, 2020 tweet by @anders_aslund: "A disturbing term has entered Ukraine's political vocabulary, "Sorosyata," Soros kids. It is primarily used by Medvedchuk's & Kolomoisky's MPs in the Rada. When @ZelenskyyUa sacked his young, honest & reformist government on March 4, they cheered: "The end of the Sorosyata!"" A 2nd tweet that day: "Claiming 40% of Zelenky's MPs are "Sorosyata," Medvedchuk's MPs appear to have forced Zelensky to retreat. What nonsense! Anybody using Sorosyata in a derogatory fashion should be condemned as anti-western, anti-reform, anti-European & pro-corruption." A 3rd tweet that day: "Indeed, "Soros minions" have become the Protocols of the Elders of Zion of the pro-Russian & pro-corruption Opposition Platform and Kolomoisky's MPs in the "Servant of the People" play along. (When will they rename themselves to "Servants of Kolomoisky"?)"

Source(s): 1999-2001

Chairman of the Wallenberg-owned Investor AB anno 1999-2001.

Source(s): 1992-1993, 1996-1997, 1999-2000, 2006-2011, 2013, 2014.

Leader Swedish Moderate Party 1986-1999. Swedish prime minister 1991-1994. High representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina 1995-1997. Director of the Wallenberg-tied Lundin Oil / Lundin Petroleum / Lundin Energy 2001-2006, which wade him wealthy. Director of Lundin's Vostok Nafta, a Russian company tied into Gazprom, 2002-2006. First non-US trustee of the RAND Corporation 2002-2006. Foreign affairs minister 2006-2014.

Ended up becoming one of the most connected globalists in the world with confirmed involvement in over 30 important NGOs, including the CFR, Bilderberg, Trilateral Commission, Munich Security Conference, Atlantic Council, RAND, European Council on Foreign Relations (co-chair), the World Economic Forum, Soros' International Crisis Group, and more.

Wallenberg connection:

Lundin Oil / Lundin Petroleum / Lundin Energy, where Bildt was employed as a director over 2001-2006, was founded by Lundin brothers, who were plugged into the Wallenbergs since the late 1950s (and in-laws until 1971). By the 2010s Bildt was "one of the senior advisors" to the Wallenberg Foundations and an international "educator" on the story of Raoul Wallenberg. For example, Bildt spoke in honor of Raoul Wallenberg in Budapest in Jan. 2012 and at the U.S. Congress in July 2014.

Nov. 16, 2006, institutionalinvestor.com, 'The Life and Death of Adolf Lundin': "Adolf Lundin's final interview. ... [Adolf's] father, Harry, ... gravitated toward Swedish society. In 1957 he married Eva, the daughter of Walter Wehtje, who spent most of his career working for the Wallenbergs, the wealthiest Swedish business dynasty, rising to CEO of Investor AB, the family's holding company. Eva's sister, Olga, married Marc Wallenberg, heir apparent to the business empire until his suicide in 1971. The Wallenberg connection gave Lundin badly needed cachet when he began to promote himself as a natural-resources entrepreneur. ...
He drilled exploratory oil wells in Colombia for Royal Dutch Shell Group from 1957 to 1960. ... For years the Swedish press excoriated Lundin for cutting deals with governments notorious for corruption and brutality. ... Today, Lundin is best known for his investments in Russian natural gas. His Vostok Nafta Investment fund is the single largest foreign portfolio investor in Gazprom...
For a time [in the early 1970s], even the Wallenbergs shied away from him [after a major crash of an Australian companies of his]. ... "Back then, that kind of insider trading was legal in Australia," he said [to us]. In fact, Australia didn't pass stringent laws against insider trading until 1991. ...
[Next] in 1972, Lundin flew to Doha, the capital of Qatar, to negotiate with the emir, Sheikh Khalifa bin-Hamad al-Thani [and made an oil deal]...

Source(s): 2003

Chairman of the Wallenberg-owned Investor AB anno 2003.

Source(s): 2019

Director of the Wallenberg-owned Investor AB anno 2019.

Source(s): 1991

Managing director and group CEO of the Wallenberg-owned Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken anno 1991.

Source(s): 1997

President and CEO of the Wallenberg-owned Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken anno 1997.

Source(s): 1958

1924-1971. Became deputy director of the family bank Stockholms Enskilda Bank in 1953 and became director and member of its board two years later. In 1956 he became vice CEO and in 1958 he became CEO. CEO of Stockholms Enskilda Bank until his death in 1971. Became vice chairman of the Swedish Bankers' Association (Svenska Bankföreningen) in 1959 and its chairman in 1961.

Source(s): Oct. 1957, 1960, 1962-1967, 1969, 1970-1975, 1977-1981 (listed as steering committee member in 1981, but died in 1982).

1899-1982. Chair Federation of Swedish Industries anno 1964, under which he visited Bilderberg. Chair Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken (SEB), Stockholm, Sweden. President and CEO Investor AB. Vice chair Ericsson.

In the 1960s he picked a young Pehr Gyllenhammar over his son Peter as the person to succeed him in business, setting the stage for a huge rivalry between Gyllenhammar and Peter Wallenberg from the 1970s until the mid 1990s, when Peter won out and Gyllenhammar moved to London.

March 12, 2016, The Economist, 'The Wallenberg group: A Nordic pyramid': "Sweden is an extreme case among rich countries in that one particular family, the Wallenbergs, holds such sway in business. At the height of the Wallenbergs' pre-eminence, in the 1970s, their various firms together employed 40% of Sweden's industrial workforce and represented 40% of the total worth of the Stockholm stockmarket. ... The industrial firms in their portfolio, including ABB and Atlas Copco (engineering), AstraZeneca (drugs) and Electrolux (appliances), are no longer huge employers. But Investor, plus SEB and the other listed firms in Investor's portfolio, still account for about a third of the stockmarket's value. And they generally do better than the rest: in the past decade, Investor's shares have doubled, whereas the OMX Stockholm 30 Index rose by just 40%. ...
Ericsson... founded in 1876 (and part-owned by the Wallenbergs since 1950)...
The Wallenberg empire might in theory be threatened if, as in other countries, there were moves towards curbing the use of the dual-class shares that let the family exercise such sway over its firms. In Ericsson, for example, Investor has just 5.3% of total stock, but controls 21.5% of votes. ...
Prevalence does not mean popularity. However, the family has long enjoyed good political connections: for all its support for free trade and open markets abroad, until the 1990s it had decades of help from protectionist policies that kept foreign predators at bay. ...
That the KAW and other foundations get the Wallenbergs' share of profits helps shield them from Sweden's top income-tax rate, of 62%. The foundations' beneficence also helps shield them from criticism...
Gunnar Wetterberg, author of a book on the Wallenberg family, argues that having most of its wealth locked up in the foundations best explains its long-term success: family feuds are discouraged when no relative can dream of running off to Bahamas with all the loot."

Source(s): 1984, 1987 (in both cases as "Vice Chairman, Skandinaviska Enskilda").

Vice chair Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken (SEB) when he visited Bilderberg. His rival, Pehr Gyllenhammar, was board member of Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken from 1979 to 1994 including vice chairman from 1979 to 1994.

May 12, 1996, New York Times, 'In Sweden, a Shy Dynasty Steps Out': "The family business, which began when their great-grandfather, Andre Oscar Wallenberg, opened a bank in Stockholm in 1856. The [Wallenberg] empire has since expanded to control companies representing some 40 percent of the Swedish stock market."

December 10, 1993, Paul Klebnikov for Forbes, 'Feus that nearly broke the bank': "Like mediaeval barons, Pehr Gyllenhammar and Peter Wallenberg have divided much of Sweden's economy between them. ... Together, the empires they control account for almost two-thirds of the value of Sweden's stockmarket. But so intense has been the rivalry between Wallenberg, 67, and Gyllenhammar, 58, that they almost destroyed Sweden's largest commercial bank, Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken, which has $60 billion in assets."

Source(s): 1998, 2000-2016.

Chair Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken (SEB) when he visited Bilderberg.

Source(s): 1996-1997 ("Executive Vice President, Investor AB"), 2001, 2009, 2014, 2017, 2018, 2019.

Born 1956. Son of Marc Wallenberg (1924-1971). President and CEO of Investor AB from 1999 to 2005.

Source(s): 1958, 1961, 1966 lists.

Born in 1901. Director Deutsche Bank 1938-1945. Director IG Farben. Member of the Club von Berlin, together with Hitler backers as Hjalmar Schacht, Baron Kurt von Schroder, industrialists Fritz Thyssen and Friedrich Flick, and many other elites. Arrested in January 1946, but freed in April by the British, reportedly for not supporting the Nazi regime. Never prosecuted.

Post-WWII advisor to German chancellor Konrad Adenauer. Appointed deputy chair of the supervisory board of the Kreditanstalt fur Wiederaufbau (Credit Institute for Reconstruction) in 1948, helping to distribute funds of the Marshall plan in Germany. Ran the Flick Group in trust for the Nuremberg-convicted Friedrich Flick 1948-1951, together with top banker Robert Pferdmenges. Flick secretly bought the largest share in Daimler-Benz over 1952-1955, joining the advisory board at that point. Head of the West German delegation to the London debt negotiations 1951–1953.

Deutsche Bank was broken up in three after World War II. These three banks merged again in 1957 into the new Deutsche Bank, with Abs rejoining the board. "Spokesman" / chair Deutsche Bank 1957-1967. Chairman of the advisory board of Deutsche Bank 1967-1976, honorary chair 1976-1994. Died in 1994.

July 11, 1990, The British Library Board oral histories, 'Hermann Abs, Interviewed by Cathy Courtney': "Churchill I met, one day, when he got his [Nobel] prize in [December 1953], after the war. I happened to be in Stockholm to see my friends, [the] Wallenbergs... He asked me questions because he knew I was an adviser to Adenauer...
But, in the meantime, you see it on my friends, the Warburgs, Sigmund Warburg was a very close friend of mine; while I was stagiaire with Guaranty Trust, he was apprentice with Rothschild. And I saw Rothschilds in '38, because I was elected a member of the Board of the big huge Wienerbankfein Kreditstant[ph] in Vienna, and the election was only possible to put to the shareholders after concurrence was established with Rothschild in London. That was the old Rothschild influence on Vienna. And I had to see them. One was Lionel Rothschild, and the other was Sir Anthony. They immediately offered to talk, and I was introduced already by Sigmund Warburg, but we had talk on general outlook, political questions answered. I had a certain renomee[??] and standing. I never was a member of the [Nazi] party, I was not involved. I had very difficult time in the establishment during the Hitler regime, even in the early beginning. ...
Or Lazards, like Sir Brand, as I told you, he was the right hand of Cecil Rhodes in Rhodesia, which I visited when Ian Smith was still Prime Minister, and so on, and I know South Africa very well. ... Baring, was a very important company, which I visited, in pre-war days already... Frank Tiarks [I met with in pre-World War II London]... I was in good terms with Lord Swinton... I was together with him in an international company, of the former Venezuelan railway company, which was a German company... Ernest [Kleinwort], yes, was one [of the bankers I knew in London]."

February 8, 1994, Warburg banker and long-time Bilderberg steering committee member Lord Roll for The Independent, 'Obituary: Hermann Abs' (doesn't mention I.G. Farben): "His early experience in private banking had brought him into close contact with many prominent Jewish banking families - Mendelsohn, Bleichroder, Warburg - with whom he remained friendly...
[After the war Abs] sat on the supervisory boards of no less than 24 of the most important German companies - Daimler Benz, the Federal Railways, Lufthansa among them - and had been chairman of 20 of them. When in 1965 a law, referred to as the 'Lex Abs', was passed, limiting the supervisory boards anyone could sit on to 10, Abs's positions were safeguarded until the normal retirement age. ...
Abs was much sought after as a formal and informal adviser [including] the Holy See..."

December 24, 1994, The Economist, 'The art of the obituary': "An obituary written for the Independent by Lord Roll of a fellow banker, Hermann Abs [doesn't seem to be complete] In Lord Roll's version, the notion that Abs had served the Nazi interest was dismissed as mere left-wing propaganda. A few days later the Telegraph noted as a matter of fact that Abs was known to have taken part in board meetings of a poison-gas manufacturer, IG Farben, at which the use of slave labour had been discussed, and that he had been sentenced in absentia by a Zagreb court to a term of 15 years' imprisonment for war crimes."

2011, Kevin Jon Heller (Oxford University Press), 'The Nuremberg Military Tribunals and the Origins of International Criminal Law', p. 68: "The OCC's [Office of the Chief Cousel - War Crimes] most difficult decision involved a possible case against the Deutsche Bank, the largest in Germany, whose clients included numerous companies that had utilized slave labor, including Siemens, Mannesmann, BMW, and Farben. The Deutsche Bank had experienced "sudden and phenomenal growth" during the war, largely as a result of its acquisition of Jewish-owned German banks and companies through Aryanization and its plunder of banks in occupied countries, such as Creditanstalt Wiener Bankverein, one of Austria's largest. [195] The OCC was particularly interested in Hermann Abs, a member of the Vorstandwho had sat on Farben's Aufsichtsrat and whom Elwyn-Jones had targeted for prosecution in a second IMT. [196]
In early May, Taylor called a special OCC meeting to determine whether to bring charges against the bank. A 324-page report prepared by OMGUS's Finance Division on both the Deutsche Bank and the Dresdner Bank had concluded that there was enough evidence to convict Abs and other members of the Deutsche Bank's Vorstand. According to Bowers, however, "Sprecher and Taylor had to disagree. All the report proved was how well the bank‟s directors had concealed their own activities." Taylor thus "reluctantly" decided not to indict anyone associated with the bank. [197]"

September 2004, zeitschrift-marxistische-erneuerung.de, 'The denazification of Deutsche Bank has failed' (translated): "Harold James [author of the 2003 book 'The Deutsche Bank in the Third Reich'] has now once again expanded his section from the history of Deutsche Bank from 1995 [1] ... However, James has greatly reduced this concept [of Nazi involvement], judging cautiously. ...
[What] is missing ... is the activities of the Deutschbankers in Serbia and Croatia, for which Abs, among others, was convicted as a war criminal in Zagreb in 1945. This included financing the fight against Tito's partisan army as well as financing the exploitation of the boron mines and employing forced labor and Jewish prisoners to expand the mines. James claims he has gone through the files; his silence [on the subject] is actually eloquent.
Likewise, with James, willy-nilly, it is ignored how Abs acted in many cases as the shop steward of leading Nazis (who were convicted of war criminals after 1945). [In this particular case] the client is kept secret by James (175) [and] Radandt is not mentioned. The Gelsenberg-AKU transaction ... is not mentioned at all. The valuable SS man [working] in Abs's office [as his assistant from 1941 on], Franz-Heinrich Ulrich (who [joined the board of the reunited Deutsche Bank in 1957 alongside Abs and] succeeded him as chairman of the board [in] 1970 [after 3 years as co-chair]), is left out. His name doesn't appear at all. ...
The rapid increase in power of Abs after 1939 in the form of supervisory board mandates in the war economy (up to 1942 alone to 42 mandates) is also not mentioned. And it is precisely this control and authority that documents the position of trust that Abs had achieved as the financier of the predatory war in Nazi Germany, as the number of mandates to be exercised was limited by law to 20, and each new mandate was only granted in the "Reich's interest" with special permits. ... With his influence on the arms industry, Abs surpassed all board members of the major Berlin banks [and] scared the competition."

Kondrad Adenauer

Mayor of Cologne 1917-1933. President of the Prussian State Council 1921-1933. Devout follower of the Paneuropa Union, set up in 1923 by Count Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi. Member of the advisory board of Deutsche Bank, Deutsche Lufthansa and other companies in the 1920s and 1930s. Even though he was anti-communist and had done his best to cooperate with the Nazis, he was dismissed when they came to power in 1933. Had his bank accounts frozen and lived in great poverty until August 1937 when he was able to get a minor pension. Was saved from deportation to the East after the July 1944 assassination plot on Hitler.

Installed by the Americans as mayor of Cologne in 1945, but dismissed in December after the British took over, probably for standing up to much for the political rights of the Germans. His dismissal actually aided his credibility in the eyes of the masses. Co-founder and leader of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) 1946-1966. Attended the May 1948 Congress of Europe, which was convened by the United Europe Movement in The Hague. It was organized by Jean Monnet with the help of Joseph Retinger. Its chairman was Winston Churchill while Alcide de Gasperi, Paul Henri Spaak, Leon Blum, and Robert Schuman attended the conference. MP / Bundestag for Bonn 1949-1967. Chancellor of West Germany 1949-1963. Minister of foreign affairs 1951-1955.

Made Hans Globke his most important national security advisor - his "eminence grise" - over 1953-1963. Globke played a major role in the persecution of the Jews during Nazi Germany, something which the CIA and Adenauer both tried to keep under wraps. Globke, often seen as Adenauer's Eminence Grise, brought former Nazi general Reinhard Gehlen in contact with Adenauer. In 1956, Adenauer chose former Nazi general Reinhard Gehlen as the first chief of the BND, West Germany's post-war intelligence agency that succeeded the Gehlen Organization. Earlier, Adenauer had allowed Gehlen to run his Gehlen Organization, almost certainly at the recommendation of the CIA. Adenauer also took up Franz-Joseph Bach, a later organiser of Cercle Pinay meetings, to run his secretariat.

2018, Volker Köhler, 'Genossen - Freunde - Junker', p. 149: "In 1930 Adenauer was represented on the following supervisory boards: Deutsche Bank, Deutsche Lufthansa, R.A.G., Rheinisch-Westfalisches Elektrizitatswerk AG (RWE), Rheinische Wohnungsfursorge-Gesellschaft, Siedlungsgesellschaft Rossenray and Study Society for the Rheinisch-Westfalische Railway. He also chaired the supervisory board of the charitable A.G. for housing in Cologne, the Cologne Trade-Fair and Exhibition Company and the Rheinische Luftverkehrgesellschaft. Finally, he was a member of the Presidium of the Supervisory Board of the Rheinische Verkehrsgesellschaft. [78. ... 78. Reichsverband der Adressbuchverleger: Adressbuch der Direktoren und Aufsichtrate I, Berlin 1930, S. 6.]
In particular, his position on the board of directors at Deutsche Bank stood out negatively in the eyes of his contemporaries. Adenauer, who came under criticism as a result, had to promise after his narrow re-election in 1929 to waive the income generated from the work on the supervisory board or the allowance for expenses."

2007, Günther Schulz, Simon Ebert, 'Konrad Adenauer 1917-1933: Dokumente aus den Kölner Jahren', p. 41: "[Same directorships mentioned as above, and also:]Braunkohlen- und Brikettindustrie AG ... In addition, since 1925 [Adenauer] was a member of the Reich Economic Council, which was not very influential, but which included the top representatives of the German economy. Adenauer had good contacts with August Thyssen, with whom he corresponded regularly, and Hugo Stinnes, the "Ruhrbaronen"..."

December 11, 1954, New Times, 'The Wall Street - Ruhr Alliance': "In the nine years since the war there has been a significant realignment within the West-German monopoly hierarchy. [After] sharp clashes of interests ... supreme leadership in industry, finance and politics went to a tight group organized around the Deutsche Bank.
This is the very same bank which, more than half a century ago, assisted at the birth of German imperialism. ... Two of its directors, Helferich and Kuhlmann, held cabinet posts under Wilhelm II, and third, Arthur von Gwinner, was one of the Kaiser's intimate advisers. The Deutsche Bank has gained a predominant position in Bonn Germany, largely due to the efforts of Dr. Adenauer, who has long-standing connections with it [but was actually dismissed from its supervisory board in 1933 by the Nazis]. ...
"Of all the private banks, Deutsche Bank had put the bulk of its assets into war finance. It even exceeded the relative share held by Dresdner Bank. [10] "The famous marshal's word still applies today," comments Abs in 1940 on the attitude of his bank, "... that waging war requires money and more money."

Source(s): 1978-1985, 1987-1988 lists (member steering committee in the 1980s).

Joined Deutsche Bank in 1969, full member of the board since 1971, managing director Deutsche Bank from at least 1982 until 1985, co-"spokesperson" / co-chairman 1985-1988 (next to Wilfried Guth), sole "spokesperson"/chair 1988-. Director Vereinigte Elektrizitaetswerke AG, a power company. Didn't visit the May 1989 Bilderberg. Friend and economic adviser to German chancellor Helmut Kohl, who reportedly "was in tears over the murder." Oversaw a major expansion of Deutsche Bank, including a take-over of Morgan Grenfell in a deal brokered just before his death.

Assassinated on November 30, 1989 when a laser-activated 7kg / 15lb shaped charge roadside bomb penetrated his armoured Mercedes exactly where he was sitting. An investigation into the left-wing Rote Armee Fraktion, which immediately claimed responsibility, never went anywhere. Herrhausen's death has never been solved.

Source(s): 1990 ("In attendance: ... First Vice President, Deutsche Bank AG; Organizer, 1991 Conference"), 1991 ("In attendance: ... First Vice President, Deutsche Bank A.G.; Organizer, 1991 Conference") lists.

First Vice President, Deutsche Bank AG, anno 1990-1991.

Source(s): 1991 (member of the steering committee from his first Bilderberg on), 1992, 1994-1995, 1998-2003, 2005.

"Spokesperson" / chairman management board of Deutsche Bank 1989-1997, chairman advisory board 1997-.

Source(s): 1993, 1996-1997.

Visited as a "Member of the Board of Managing Directors, Deutsche Bank AG" in 1993 and 1996 and a "Member of the Supervisory Board, Deutsche Bank AG" in 1997.

Source(s): 1995, 2004-2005, 2008-2014. (steering committee 2010-2012)

President, Credit Suisse anno 1995. Member Trilateral Commission anno 1998 as a director of Deutsche Bank. Co-chairman executive committee Deutsche Bank AG 2002-2006, sole chair 2006-2012. Member steering committee of Bilderberg 2010-2012. Chair Zurich Insurance Group Ltd. 2013-. Chair advisory board Bank of Cyprus 2014-2019. Member of the Group of Thirty.

Source(s): 2013-2019 lists. (steering committee)

Worked for Bain & Company in the mid 1980s. Joined Goldman Sachs in Germany in 1988, becoming a partner in 1994. CFO Allianz AG 2000-2012. Member advisory board of RWE AG (2000-2013), Bayer AG (2002-), Daimler (2010-2020). Chairman advisory board Deutsche Bank 2012- (still anno 2021). "Treasurer Foundation Bilderberg Meetings" and one of four listed "board members" of Bilderberg anno 2019. Trustee chair of the Alfred Herrhausen Gesellschaft of Deutsche Bank. Trustee Brookings Institution 2013-. Chair European Financial Services Roundtable. Member advisory council Munich Security Conference anno 2019. EU chair Hong Kong/Europe Business Council 2013-2020s. Member of the World Economic Forum in Davos.

Source(s): March 1955, Sep. 1955, 1956, Feb. 1957, 1958, 1960-1980, 1982-2001 (joined advisory committee in 1983; only missed the 1981 meeting between 1960 and 2001 and in total between 1955-2001, the Oct. 1957, 1959 and 1981 meetings).

Born in 1918. Son of Otto Wolff, who became one of the top financiers of Hitler's NSDAP no later than 1931, immediately before he rose to power.

OTTO WOLFF (-1940)

The 1904 founder of the Otto Wolff Group, an iron wholesaler. By the early 1920s he was a known competitor of Fritz Thyssen in both the steel and mining business. After a merger of several steel interests in 1926, including the Thyssens, Wolff became a shareholder and founding advisory board member of the newly founded company Vereinigte Stahlwerke, the largest steel trust in the world behind U.S. Steel. Other founding members were Fritz Thyssen, the founding chair and Hitler's most key financier since 1923; Hermann Schmitz, a director of Hitler-supporting concern IG Farben (whose primary U.S. partner was the Rockefeller's Standard Oil); and directors of Deutsche Bank, Bayrische Vereinsbank and Dresdner Bank. After Thyssen fled Germany in 1939, Otto Wolff was the third biggest shareholder of Vereinigte Stahlwerke, after the Nazi government and Rheinische Stahlwerke (owned by I.G. Farben). Died in 1940.

OTTO WOLFF VON AMERONGEN CONTINUED

Took over his father's firm, Otto-Wolff-Konzern, in 1940, immediately pre-World War II, when it was top 3 shareholder in Vereinigte Stahlwerke. Worked from Lisbon, Portugal during World War II, from where he produced tungsten for the German army, essential for armor piercing tank rounds. Procured confiscated shares, gold and other values ​from murdered Jews and invested it in Switzerland. Briefly interned 1945-1947, following World War II.

Rebuilt Otto Wolff AG from 1949 on. His first Bilderberg meeting was in 1955. By 1963 Otto Wolff AG had an annual turnover of 3 billion Deutsche Mark, making it the third largest privately-owned German company behind Thyssen and Krupp. Chair Otto Wolff AG 1966-1986, during the time the company became a stock corporation. Advisory board member Friedrich Naumann Foundation 1959-1960 (Peter von Siemens also 1959-1960; Otto Graf Lambsdorff: trustee 1972-1995, deputy chair 1973-1977 and 1979-1995, chair 1977–1979, and board chair 1995-2006). Key 1964 founder of the German-Portuguese Society, set up on the premises of his company. President/chair German Chamber of Industry and Commerce 1969-1988. Director Standard Oil of New Jersey, later Exxon, 1971-. Founding member Trilateral Commission 1973-2007, executive from at least 1981 to at least 1998. Presidium member of the Europa-Union Deutschland. Anno 2001 Otto Wolff von Amerongen was chairman and CEO of Otto Wolff Industrieberatung und Beteiligungen GmbH. Died in March 2007.

Nicknamed "secret east trade minister". Along with his father, 1922 founder of the German-Russian Trading Company, which helped build the Manchurian railway line and was involved in the creation of the first oil pipeline between Batumi and Baku. Chair Ost-Ausschuss der Deutschen Wirtschaft / Eastern Committee of the German Economy 1955-2000, whose initial 1952-1955 chair was Hans Reuters, the longtime director general and CEO of the German Machine Aktiengesellschaft (Demag). His first Bilderberg meeting was in March 1955. Under Van Amerongen Germany's first trade deals with communist countires came about: Romania (1956), China (1957) the Soviet Union (1958) and, from 1970, the natural gas pipe business with the Soviet Union. Klaus Mangold, a top CEO of Daimler-Benz / DaimlerChrysler until 2003 and co-chair of Rothschild GmbH since 2004, followed him up over 2000-2010. The Eastern Committee merged with the Eastern European Association of German Business in 2018. Member companies include BASF, Deutsche Bank, Siemens, DaimlerChrysler, etc. Honorary president Association of German Business in the Russian Federation.

Arend Oetker: Otto's son-in-law, Arend Oetker (of the family behind the Dr. Oetker food company) took over Otto Wolff AG as chairman in 1986, but sold the company to ThyssenKrupp a few years later. Arend ended up becoming deputy chair of the Fritz Thyssen Foundation, 2000-2005 chair of Atlantik-Brucke, a member of the Trilateral Commission and president of the German Society for Foreign Policy until June 2019, where he was succeeded by Thomas Enders. Oetker also served as honorary member of the Presidium of the Federation of German Industries anno 2019-2020.

Peter Jungen: Personal assistant to Otto Wolff von Amerongen at the Otto Wolff Group 1966-, "prokurist" Otto Wolff Group 1969-. Director Otto Wolff Konzern 1984-. Visited Le Cercle in 1983 (Bonn), twice in 1984 (Bonn and Cape Town) and in 1985 (Washington D.C.). Neocon involved in the Mont Pelerin Society. President of the European Enterprise Institute (EEI). Chair Project Syndicate 2013-.

Source(s): 1960, 1963, 1966-1968, 1972.

Member NSDAP 1933-1939, until he married his South American wife. South American-based steel exporter-importer until 1954. Representative of Countess Anita Zichy-Thyssen, the only daughter of Hitler backer Fritz Thyssen (1873-1951) and a major shareholder in the Thyssen steel company over 1954-1978. Chairman of the supervisory board of Thyssen 1954-. Aided the founding of the Fritz Thyssen Foundation in 1959, of which he became vice chair. Chair Fritz Thyssen Foundation 1965-1987. Chair August-Thyssen-Hutte AG 1962-1973. President of Thyssen Vermogensverwaltung 1971-1978.

Fritz Thyssen had a younger brother with the name Heinrich Thyssen, who had a son with the name Hans Heinrich Thyssen-Bornemisza (1921-2002), who post-World War II became a good friend of David Rockefeller and H.J. Heinz II, key founders and American participants in Bilderberg for many years.

May 14, 1976, Die Zeit, 'Rückzug auf Raten - Die Industriellen-Dynastie kann bei der Expansion des Stahlkonzerns finanziell nicht mehr mithalten' ('Withdrawal in installments - The industrial dynasty can no longer keep up financially with the expansion of the steel company'): "The "withdrawal of the Thyssen heirs (Frankfurter Allgemeine), which has been negotiated since autumn, is taking place in a well-ordered manner. ... "The [Thyssen] family," says Kurt Birrenbach, head of the [Thyssen] asset management board, "was unable to take part in the capital increase." "For us, this commitment [in Thyssen]," said Allianz CFO Klaus Götte, commented on the mammoth transaction, "is a classic investment...""

Member of the Bundestag 1957-1976, where he was a member of the Foreign Affairs Committee. Member of the European Parliament 1959-1961. Vice president of the European Union 1957-1965. Member of Atlantik-Brucke 1964-, and director anno 1967. President of the German Society for Foreign Policy / German Foreign Policy Association 1973-1981. Founding executive member of David Rockefeller's Trilateral Commission in 1973, regular member anno 1981. Stopped being a member in 1982 or 1983.

Source(s): 2000 list (only year).

Chair steel company Krupp AG 1986-1999. Continued as chair ThyssenKrupp AG 1999-2001, chair supervisory board 2001-. Member supervisory board Siemens AG 2003-2007, chair 2007-. Member supervisory board Allianz SE and Axel Springer AG.

Source(s): 2008 list only.

German vice chancellor and minister of foreign affairs 1998-2005.

Source(s): 1954, 1956 lists.

Joined the Deutsch-Amerikanische Petroleum Gesellschaft / German-American Petroleum Company (co-founded by the Rockefellers and owned for 94% by the Rockefeller's Standard Oil of New Jersey (trade name Esso) in 1938) in 1926, director 1939-, chairman 1948- until at least the late 1950s. The company was renamed Esso AG in 1950, after the phonetic pronunciation of the initials 'S' and 'O' in the name Standard Oil. Also chairman of the supervisory board of shipping company Esso Tankschiff Reederei GmbH.

August 1, 1978, New York Times, 'Books: Farben': "I.G. Farben was created on the model of John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil trust by Carl Duisberg, the head of Bayer of Leverkusen, after a visit to the United States in 1903 to establish a dyestuff plant in Rensselaer, N.Y. I.G. Farben was to work closely with Standard Oil of New Jersey (Esso), now Exxon, between the two World Wars. Esso was eager to gain access to I.G. Farben's patents and knowhow for turning coal into oil and rubber. But Esso was snookered by I.G., under the tutelage of the Nazis, and got nothing for the trade secrets it gave up."

August 6, 1978, New York Times, 'With a Branch at Auschwitz': "Hitler's planes had to have Ethyl Gasoline. Owned jointly by Standard Oil and General Motors, [they] supplied I. G. with the secrets for the tetraethyl process and, while I. G. was still building the plant to produce it, Standard supplied the additive, itself. All this with the approval of the United States War Department, although by then Hitler's intentions were clear. I. G. executive August von Knieriem acknowledged that the style of Hitler's war would have been "impossible" had not "the Americans presented us with the production plans, complete with their know-how.""

Source(s): 2002, 2008, 2012, 2015, 2017-2018.

...

Source(s): 2015-2016 lists.

Chair and CEO Siemens 2013-2021, advisory chair 2021-. Member Trilateral Commission 2014-2019. Visitor Bilderberg 2015-2016. Member international council, JPMorgan Chase 2015-. Chairman advisory council Munich Security Conference 2021-.

Source(s): 1980, 1982, 1988 lists.

Chancellor of Germany 1982-1998.

Source(s): 1972, 1974.

Not to be confused with the 1998-2005 German chancellor.

1910-1989. Member CDU. Interior minister 1953-1961. Foreign secretary 1961-1966. Minister of defense 1966-1969. Failed in his presidential bid in 1969. Supporter of Reagan and the SDI program.

1975, Liberty Lobby, 'Spotlight on the Bilderbergers: Irresponsible Power', p. 27: "Another German Bilderberg participant was Gerhard Schroder, former German Foreign Minister and present chairman of the Committee on Foreign Policy of the Bundestag; he is destined to become candidate for Chancellor on the Christian Democrat ticket. Unfortunately, Schroder is a..."

Source(s): 2002, 2005, 2006 lists.

Worked his way up in the ThyssenKrupp company. Chair ThyssenKrupp AG 2001-2011. Member of the supervisory board after that.

Source(s): 1982, 1984, 1988, 1990 lists.

Born in 1940, was the second Chairman of the Security Conference. Worked at the headquarters of the Christian Democratic Party of Germany (CDU). Protege and foreign and security adviser to Helmut Kohl - chancellor of Germany 1982-1998 - since 1972. Visited Bilderberg four times over 1984-1990, listed as an assistant to Kohl. Helped negotiate German reunification. CEO Bertelsmann Foundation 1991-1993. Director BMW AG 1993-2000. Second chairman Munich Security Conference 1999-2008. CEO Herbert Quandt Foundation 2000-2003. President of Boeing Germany 2003-2006. Member advisory board Atlantic Initiative from at least 2007 until 2019, when the initiative was reformed. Member international advisory council CFR. Presidium member German Council on Foreign Relations / Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Auswartige Politik e.V. (DGAP). Trustee Konrad Adenauer Foundation anno 2010.

Source(s): 1970 and 1978 lists.

1920-2015. Member of an aristocratic family. Son of Ernst von Weizsacker (1882–1951). Governing mayor of Berlin 1981-1984. President of West-Germany en then a united Germany 1984-1994. Member of the Club of Budapest since at least 2004 and until his death in 2015. The CLub of Budapest is a new age spinoff of the Club of Rome looking to Promote "the emergence of planetary consciousness" and integrate "spirituality [and] science". Member of Atlantik-Brucke.

Carl Friedrich von Weizsacker (1912-2007): Older brother of Richard. Early member if the scientific advisory board of the Fritz Thyssen Foundation.

fritz-thyssen-stiftung.de/en/about-us/general-information/history/ (accessed: April 3, 2021): "Members of the first Board of Trustees: [Thyssen representative and Bilderberger] Kurt Birrenbach | Deputy Chairman ... The first members of the Scientific Advisory Council were: Prof. Dr. Carl Friedrich von Weizsacker..."

Ernst Ulrich von Weizsacker: Son of Carl Friedrich and a nephew of Richard. Ernst has been a member of the Club of Rome since at least 2001, and served as co-president of this NGO between 2012 and 2018. Director Institute for European Environmental Policy. Christine von Weizsacker, his wife, is deeply involved in environmental NGOs together with the British MI6-Rothschild-Kissinger-tied Goldsmith family.

Source(s): 1995-1997 (member steering committee in this period), 2003, 2007, 2016.

Enginering degree from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland in 1962. Graduated the University of Fribourg, Switzerland in 1963. Ph.D. in Engineering (Dr. Sc. Tech.), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in 1966. Ph.D. in Economics, University of Fribourg, Switzerland, in 1967. Master of Public Administration from Harvard in 1967. Became a protege of Kissinger at Harvard in 1967.

Became a protege of Maurice Strong soon after arriving back in Switzerland. Anno 2021 still executive chairman of the WEF.

March 27, 2014, The John F. Kennedy Jr. Forum at the Institute of Politics (iop.harvard.edu), 'Improving the State of the World: A Conversation with Klaus Schwab' (interview done by David Gergen): "I felt in order to be a successful person I have to go to a business school. So I applied to Harvard business school, and got accepted. And so I felt already having two Ph.D.'s, I don't have to do two years. So I wrote the school across the river. They said, "No! No way!" And soon I found out there was a kind of Littauer Center at the time, which was the predecessor of the Kennedy School. ... There was a big book [here] and I read a sentence, "If you are registered and accepted by the Littauer Center, you can cross-register wherever you want to in the Harvard system." So I said, "Great, I go for one year to the Littauer Center and cross-register for the second year, at the business school. And that's what I did. But then when I was here at the Littauer Center, here, at the square, I became so interested. It was really for a life-changing experience, because I felt I should devote my life not to business, despite the fact that I had all the necessary ingredients, I should devote my life to public service. I wrote a book on modern management in the machine building industry, as a mechanical engineer, and I described probably for the first time what is called the stakeholder's theory, which means a business should not just serve the shareholders, but all stakeholders - the employees, the government. And soon I felt,'Why not create a platform where business leaders could meet their stakeholders?' And that was the beginning of what we call Davos. I wanted to do it only once, for fun. In the mean time I had been appointed professor in Geneva for business strategy. I wanted to do it for fun, but it suddenly became such a success I never would have thought how it developed. ... Today the stakeholder theory for the [World Economic] Forum means something else: it means, in addition, that business in itself is a stakeholder of our global future. ...
[David Gergen: "You said when you came here it tranformed your life. Was there a course, a professor, who really made that difference for you?"]
Yes, there was one course, one seminar, of Henry Kissinger [waves his hand with a naughty look into the crowd], which really opened my eyes. I wasn't accepted to the seminar, but I sat in. I think he let me in, because I was German. And it was relavtively shortly after the war, there were not many Germans here, and this created a friendship that has endured until today. You know, Henry has been several times in Davos. And I think it was mainly participating in his seminars that I developed my interest for geopolitical affairs. [David Gergen: "And then over time you got to know Joe Nye and Graham [Allison] is a friend as well."]
Exactly. Joe Nye, who was a mentor. You, Graham. I would say certainly about 10%, if I look at all the people who contributed intellectually in Davos, I would say the Kennedy School and Harvard always was the most important. ...
In Europe we have a European identity. And finally ... we need, in principle, a global identity." ALso talks about getting the loan for his first Davos loan from a German upholstery magnat. If he would lose the money, Schwab would have to work at the company for at least three years.

Jan.-Feb. 1996, Bilanz - Handelszeitung (zurich, Switzerland), p. 16 (translated from German): "[While] Klaus Schwab ... earned his doctorate at the ETH [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich] and in Fribourg, he only learned to think in truly global contexts at the renowned John F. Kennedy School in Harvard. Henry Kissinger, one of the teachers at Boston and ... had a profound influence on him. Other mentors are Raymond Barre (ex-premier of France) and Maurice Strong ("Earth Summit")."

1971 founder of the World Economic Forum / Davos in Switzerland, which over the years became a very influential globalist conference.

Member United Nations High-Level Advisory Board on Sustainable Development 1993-1995. Vice-Chairman United Nations Committee for Development Planning 1996-1998. Member Advisory Board to the UN Secretary-General, Sustainable Energy for All.

January 10, 2016, words of Klaus Schwab on Radio Television Suisse: "Certainly in the next 10 years [we will see microchips implanted in the brain.] And at first we will implant them in our clothes, like "wearables". And then we could imagine that we will implant them in our brains, or in our skin. And in the end, maybe, there will be a direct communication between our brains and the digital world. What we see is a kind of fusion of the physical, digital, and biological world. ... Yes, [when you want to talk to anyone you just go:] I want to be connected with whomever now...
It is a servant that learns with artificial intelligence, and that is not only your assistant for manual work, but that can really be an intellectual partner of you. And first you have the personalized bots, and I saw that Mr. Zuckerberg predicted that at the end of the year he will have his robot."

March 15, 2018, leaders-mena.com, 'Davos 2018: What You Need to Know': "The youth wing of the Social-Democratic Party called on the Swiss government to prevent the visit while a petition headlined "Trump not welcome. Stay out of Davos” started by another left-wing group, Campax, reportedly gathered some 13,000 signatures. Earlier in January, several hundred anti-capitalist demonstrators marched in Switzerland's capital Bern with placards reading "Eat the rich" and "Fight WEF, Trump, capitalism""

DAVOS ORIGINS

Jan. 29, 2008, m.day.kyiv.ua, 'Davos experience: Bohdan Hawrylyshyn: "Ukraine is still using the World Economic Forum ineffectively"' (interview with Hawrylyshyn): "In 1969 I received a letter from Klaus Schwab, the current president of the World Economic Forum. He asked for a job with the International Management Institute and said he wanted to write a book. I gave him a job after two of my colleagues listened to his 20-minute lecture. The institute's 25th anniversary was to be marked in 1971. Schwab suggested a large-scale conference in lieu of a big party in Davos. He also asked me to give him full organizing authority for the festivities on the institute’s behalf. I signed the letter and I presided over the first Davos conference in Jan. 1971, which was attended by 500 people. Schwab did a good job of organizing the event. This man can do everything, from concept to planning to realization. Encouraged by this successful beginning, we decided to continue the project. Originally it was known as the European Management Forum and it lasted 11 days. ...
I must say that the Davos project showed a great deal of progress. ... I also fear that Schwab can be too pragmatic. He is not an idealist; he is a brilliant organizer. ...
The West wants Ukraine to become a member of NATO because this will help it get closer to the European Union. For me, this is one of the positive elements. On the other hand, once they see how negative the reaction may be, this will also worry them. ...
Because of the problems with the former Yugoslavia and because of our people mainly listening to Russian reactions to these events, the majority of the population is against NATO. Why should it be pushed through? The result will be worse. People will become more opposed to NATO and this will weaken both Tymoshenko’s government and the Verkhovna Rada. This was not a very wise thing. Excuse me, perhaps someone may not like this, but I am saying what I think. I am personally in favor of Ukraine becoming a member of NATO. But this should be done only when the population is ready. ...
If we used our own knowledge, we would be able to export rather than import gas in a matter of years. Ukraine would then be in a totally different position in its dialog with Russia. One of the reasons preventing this is that the people who are carrying out these gas and oil import transactions are making big money. Also, these people hold important posts in the higher echelons of power. ...
Unfortunately, Russia is not choosing a path like those embarked on by China, Japan, or India. Russia’s population wanted order and a strong leader. This is their tradition; these people are used to the idea that God vests power in the tsar or some chief commissar — or president, as is the case now. The Russians are really proud that Russia is a major player on the world chessboard, although not quite an example of social progress. I often refer to the Scandinavian countries as an example to be emulated because we have used the United States as an example too much. But the Scandinavian countries are where you find true political freedom, economically effective societies, and social justice. There are very rich people but no poor people. There is access to education and health care. They have also realized that you have to co- exist with nature, not just exploit. ...
In 1994 British Petroleum wanted to launch a gas-extracting project in Ukraine, promising to increase output by 20 billion m?. Unfortunately, there was no legislation on the division of production at the time. Shell was also interested in gas extraction. But once their people started coming here, they encountered numerous bureaucratic hurdles: here you have to wait; there you have to pay someone off. At that time it was difficult to carry out an effective project in this country. ...
Social, political, and economic phenomena are not developing proportionately or in arithmetic progression. The Club of Rome deals with all this. Personally, I have long been troubled by the fact there is only one economic, military, and political superpower that naively believes that it has the best political, economic, and social system, even though there are 48 million impoverished Americans. All this gave the United States not only the right of force but the moral right to tell the rest of the world what to do. In addition, from the economic standpoint, we have found ourselves in a phase of Darwinian capitalism. How can our large businesses continue to operate, knowing that their end goal and performance criteria lie in increasing the value of stockholders’ shares? Very often chief executives who are dismissed are also given the so-called golden handshake, worth millions of dollars. But how are ordinary employees, now called human resources, dealt with? People are not a resource but an objective. Meanwhile, our businesses are concerned about their stockholders, customers, and equipment. On the other hand, depending on the conjuncture, they lay people off or, in other words, throwing tens of thousands of people on the public garbage dump in order to save money. This is horrible.
We must do more than switch to a multipolar world. I predicted that the US would lose its superpower status back in 1980, in my Dorohovkazy maibutnioho. Now we have the European Union, which is inwardly more peaceful and diversified, among whose members are countries that can serve as examples to be emulated by others. The EU does not threaten or punish. This is a considerably better option. There is also the Confucian world. "

OLIGARCHS AND DAVOS

March 17, 1999, Scotland Herald, 'Rise and fall of the last Russian oligarch': "It was Berezovsky who, in January 1996, summoned the six other most powerful oligarchs - Vladimir Potanin, Vladimir Vinogradov, Mikhail Friedman, Aleksandr Smolensky, Mikhail Khodorkovsky, and Vladimir Gusinsky - to a ''support Yeltsin'' meeting at Davos, Switzerland, during the World Economic Forum ... to prevent Communist Party leader Gennady Zyuganov [from being elected]."

February 6, 1996, vtedomosti.ru (written by Mikhail Berger is economics editor for Izvestia), 'Communist Leader Steals Davos Show': "At the World Economic Forum in Davos this week, Russia was not represented by a single top member of its executive branch. ... But in past years, Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin has come twice, and last year former First Deputy Prime Minister Anatoly Chubais journeyed to the forum.
Chubais returned this year, but in a different capacity, leaving the Russian ministers and governors in attendance leaderless.
By the second day of the forum, it was clear that the most important person from Russia was Communist leader Gennady Zyuganov. Zyuganov obviously could not serve as head of the Russian delegation. But the interest shown in him in Davos made him not only the Russian to meet, but one of the forum's key guests. Zyuganov doled out autographs in the lobby of the Sunstarpark Hotel, and interviews, up to 20 a day.
Zyuganov hobnobbed with major business leaders, made appearances and gave press conferences that were standing room only. The impression was that the West was already prepared to recognize him as the next president.
But one of the main reasons for the Communist leader's popularity among the Cold War veterans on hand in Davos could be found in the Kremlin and the White House. The withholding of months and months of back wages and the war in Chechnya have driven many voters into the arms of the Communists.
This is the second year in a row that Yeltsin has disappointed the forum. If he had come last year, he would have been the superstar. If he had kept his promise and come this year, he would have prevented Zyuganov from being the superstar.
Yeltsin reneged, saying there weren't enough people of his rank in Davos. Perhaps that would have been a good reason to go? German Chancellor Helmut Kohl did not consider it beneath his dignity to accept his invitation last year. Zyuganov was not only reckoned with, he was courted. Gazprom head Rem Vyakhirev and Moscow Mayor Yury Luzhkov got far less attention."

Source(s): protege of 1950s-1960s Bilderberger Paul Henri Spaak; 1972, 1974, 1977-1978, 1980, 1983-1992 (became part of steering committee), 1994-2014 (listed as honorary chair 1999-2011) lists.

...

Source(s): 1969-1977, 1979-1981, 1983-1984, 1995, 2000 lists.

Chair Solvay chemical concern. Major life-long player in the Club of Rome.

Source(s): 1993 list.

....

Source(s): 1977, 1982-1983 lists.

European chair Trilateral Commission.

Source(s): 1991-1992, 1996-2003, 2005-2006, 2008 lists.

Chair and CEO of Lafarge. Director of Allianz, Unilever, Vivendi, DuPont, Total and ATCO. Member of Bilderberg, the Trilateral Commission and the European Round Table of Industrialists (ERT), an advisory board member of the American European Community Association (AECA), a director of the European Institute and the Aspen Institute of France, and chair of the French Institute for International Relations (IFRI). Also involved with CSIS and other think tanks.

Source(s): 1982, 1985, 1988 lists.

Son of Andre Poncet (d. 1978): Delegate to the League of Nations late 1920s - early 1930s. French ambassador to Berlin 1931-1938, observing the rise of Hitler. Made his farewell visit to Hitler at the Eagle's Nest in October 1938. Ambassador to Fascist Italy 1938-1940. Spent 3 years in prison during the German occupation of France. French high commissioner to West Germany 1949-1955. Contributing editor to La Figaro. Vice president and president of the French Red Cross.

Jean: MA from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University, 1948. Ph.D. in economics, Paris Law School. CEO of packing business Carnaud SA 1971-1974. Senior post at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs under Valery Giscard d'Estaing 1975-1976. Secretary General in the Office of the President under Valery Giscard d'Estaing 1976-1978. Minister of foreign affairs under Valery Giscard d'Estaing 1978-1981. Senator 1983-2010.

Wendel connection

In 1959 he married Marie-Therese de Mitry, daughter of Emmanuel de Mitry and Marguerite de Wendel (1907-1976). Andre Francois-Poncet - a grandson of Wendell family-intermarried Bilderberger Jean Andre Francois-Poncet - was appointed chair of Wendel in Jan. 2018. Long-time Bilderberg steering committee member Ernest-Antoine Selliere, was chair of Wendel at some point, advisory board chair 2002-2013, and honorary chair 2013-.

1934, Ernst May, 'Hitler over Europe': On the Ruhr two rival groups confronted each other: the Otto Wolff-Deutsche Bank group, which was strongly connected with Catholic circles in Germany and so preferred by the Bruning Government; and the Thyssen-Flick-Vogler group... Both groups had been interested in the Steel Trust since its foundation, and for years had been competing in every possible way for its leadership. ...
The Otto Wolff group tends more towards 'Liberalism', because its leading members spring from the younger Catholic and Jewish commercial and banking circles, regarded as 'strangers' and intruders in the diehard milieu of the 'native' Prussian coal and iron barons of the Ruhr. Otto Wolff himself is a leading Catholic who was only a small iron merchant before the war, and who later, thanks to his connexions with the Centre Party then in power, came rapidly to the fore and piled up interests in the steel industry; he was closely associated with nearly all the Catholic Chancellors of the Reich in Germany after the war, such as [Wilhelm] Marx [1923-1925, 1926-1928], Constantin Fehrenbach [1920-1921], and [Heinrich] Bruning [1930-1932]. His [Otto Wolff AG co-founder and] partner, Ottmar Strauss, is one of the best-known Liberal Jewish politicians in Germany who was very near the Social Democrats. ... Other members of this group are [the Jewish] Paul Silverberg [of the Ruhrlade]...
On the board of directors of the Deutsche Bank there were, besides Otto Wolff, Silverberg, and Klockner, men like Dr. Adenauer, the famous Mayor of Cologne and leader of the Rhine Centre Party; [etc.] ... one of the directors of the Louis Hagen Bank and of the Deutsche Bank, Pferdmenges, was even the closest financial adviser of Chancellor Bruning. It was clear that if the Bruning-Schleicher Government should remain (General Schleicher, too, was himself closely connected with Otto Wolff, and was interested, besides, in steel shares for military reasons), the shares of the Steel Trust and the leadership of German industry would pass into the hands of this Liberal-Catholic group which in internal politics supported a levelling, medial course, and in foreign politics favoured a close understanding with France. Linked up with this was an idea prepared long ago by this circle (namely Otto Wolff and Silverberg), the idea of a Continental Steel Trust by means of a fusion of German and French interests, even at the price of recognizing the political supremacy of France. The most important fact was that Wolff and Silverberg had, during the last few years, taken a number of practical steps for the realization of this plan, and, for example, created a close relationship with the great French steel concern Acieries de la Marine et d'Homtcourt that influential Lorraine group which in post-war times in France had advocated more zealously than any an alliance between the German and French heavy industries (metal and coke), and which possessed a strong political supporter in the person of the French Minister in Berlin, M. Francois-Poncet, former director of one of its companies. Their preparations had already gone so far that the Otto Wolff group had begun to participate in the great Luxemburg steel concern 'Arbed*, where, on the other hand, it met the French shareholders, Schneider-Creuzot and De Wendel, and that news began to appear in the international press concern

Source(s): 1985 list only.

Chair Paribas North America. Vice chair and treasurer of the French Institute for International Relations anno 2002-2003.

ifri.org/e/Who are we/Who are we.htm (accessed: Nov. 19, 2002 and Feb. 12, 2003): "Vice-Chairman and Treasurer: Michel Francois-Poncet, Vice-Chaiman of BNP Paribas.
Directors:
- Jean-Claude Casanova [TC]...
- Bertrand Collomb [TC], Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Lafarge. ...
- Jean Peyrelevade, Chairman of Crédit lyonnais. ...
- Louis Schweitzer [TC], Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Renault.
- Yves-Thibault de Silguy, Senior Executive Vice President of Suez.
- Jean-Claude Trichet, Governor of the Banque de France. "

Source(s): 2000-2001, 2003, 2005, 2009 lists.

...

Source(s): 1975-1997 (became steering committee), 2000-2006, 2008-2009, 2010-2013.

Chairman of the department of Economics of the Ecole Polytechnique 1974-1992. In 1973, French foreign affairs minister Michel Jobert - working under president Georges Pompidou, a 1960 Bilderberg visitor - put him in charge of setting up the Center of Analysis and Prevision (CAP) for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Head Director of the French Foreign Ministry's Policy Planning Staff 1974-1979, prior to Jean-Louis Gergorin (who ended up becoming vice president of EADS – the European aerospace company that controls Airbus). First Bilderberg was in 1975.

1979 founder and executive chair of French Institute for International Relations (IFRI). Founding executive chair of IFRI 1979-2020s, although simply "director general" anno 2003-2004, "president" anno 2006, "director-general" of the management board in 2008, "director-general" of the smaller board of governors and president of the strategy council anno 2013, and "executive chair" anno 2021.

Columnist Le Figaro 1989- 2001, then Le Monde 2002-2010. Founding member of the Consultative Board of the Director General of the WTO in 2003, under chairman Sir Peter Sutherland. Member of the international advisory board of Bertrand Collomb's Lafarge. Directors of the Renault Foundation. Advisory committee member of the super-elite Peterson Institute for International Economics, with historical directors as David Rockefeller, Paul Volcker, George Soros and Lynn Forester de Rothschild.

Source(s): 1963, 1965 lists.

Nephew of Albert Schweitzer: Christian physician who was a heavy critic of colonialism and as a result treated patients in Gabon over 1913-1917 and 1924-1927, the last time leaving a functional hospital in place. Returned over 1929-1932, in 1935, and from January 1937 throughout World War II. He was later criticized for operating a really primitive hospital, for not training African nurses, for considering Africans his "brother" but only his "younger brother", and also for stating that Africans aren't ready yet for independence. In 1985 Giovanni Sartori visited Bilderberg under the description, "Albert Schweitzer Professor in the Humanities, Columbia University."

Pierre-Paul Schweitzer: Held at Buchenwald as a French member of the resistance during WWII. Sciences Po graduate. Joined the French ministry of finance in 1936. Appointed alternate executive director for France at the IMF 1947-1948 and workd on EU questions in 1948-1949. Financial attaché at the French embassy in Washington D.C. 1949–1953. Director of the French Treasury 1953–1960. Deputy governor Bank of France 1960-, Director European Investment Bank and Air France early 1960s. Government commissioner at the French Petroleum Company and the French Refinery Company early 1960s. Managing director IMF 1963-1973. Director of International Affairs of the Ford Foundation for 15 years. Father of Luis Schweitzer.

Source(s): 1989, 1993, 2002 lists.

Son of Bilderberg veteran Pierre-Paul Schweitzer. Sciences Po graduate. Chair and CEO of Renault 1992-2005. Founding member of Cercle de l'Industrie / France Industrie, a powerful French-led business lobby in Brussels, primarily founded by his Renault predecessor Raymond Levy and later controversial politician Dominique Strauss-Kahn. Bilderberger Bertrand Collomb also was among the founding members. Vice president French Institute for International Relations (IFRI) under Thierry de Montbrial.

Source(s): 1979-1987, 1992-2002 lists.

Sciences Po graduate. Member of the Traditionalist Catholics. Vice president the business lobby National Council of French Employers (CNPF), executive 1988-1997, president 1997-2005. CNPF was renamed to Movement of French Businesses (MEDEF) under Selliere in 1997. MEDEF has 750,000 member firms, 90% of them being small and medium enterprises (SMEs) with fewer than 50 employees. President of UNICE / "BusinessEurope" 2005-2009.

CEO of the 1704-founded French investment company Wendel, advisory board chair 2002-2013, honorary chair 2013-. Andre Francois-Poncet - a grandson of Wendell family-intermarried Bilderberger Jean Andre Francois-Poncet - was appointed chair of Wendel in Jan. 2018. The advisory chair at the time was Francois de Wendel. Andre Francois-Poncet worked at Morgan Stanley 1984-2000 and was appointed a director of AXA in 2016.

Source(s): 1954-1960 lists (secretary until his death in 1960).

Listed in the Netherlands here due to his close association to Prince Bernhard and Paul Rijkens in the founding of Bilderberg in 1954.

Born in Poland (partly Jewish) in 1888 to a father who was legal counsel and successful adviser to French-born Count Wladyslaw Zamoyski. Count Zamoyski paid for his education, first at the elite Sciences Po and Sorbonne in Paris (where he became the youngest person ever to receive his Ph.D. in literature at age 20). Next, still backed by Count Zamoyski, Retinger went to Munich to study comparative psychology and then, in 1910, he moved to England, where he entered the London School of Economics.

From that moment on Retinger started to increasingly serve as a key representative of Polish interests in London. Director of the London Office of the Polish National Committee (1912–1914). "In 1916 guided by Zamoyski and with the approval of [1908-1915 UK PM] Herbert Asquith, [1916-1922 UK PM] David Lloyd George and [1906-1909, 1917-1920 French PM] Georges Clemenceau with his old Parisian connections, Sixtus and Xavier de Bourbon Parme, the Duchess of Montebello and Marquis Boni de Castellane, as well as Zamoyski's friend the Polish General of the Jesuits, Wlodzimierz Ledochowski, Retinger became a "courier" in the secretive European dynastic negotiation suing for peace with Austria."

From there, Retinger's work as a middleman for polititians and aristocrats continued. In 1944 British Foreign secretary Anthony Eden came to debrief him after a mission of Retinger in Poland with the Special Operations Executive (SOE), whose head, Major-General Sir Colin Gubbins, became a good friend of Retinger.

After WWII, Retinger was recruited by MI6 as an asset and played an important role in European unification. In 1952 Retinger was among those who became worried about American McCarthyism

1962, Alden Hatch, 'H. R. H. Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands: An Authorized Biography', p. 214: "According to the official publication of the European Centre of Culture, "Retinger was the key figure in most of the great congresses, associations, and institutions which worked to promote European union. The League of European Economic Co-operation (from which evolved the Common Market), the European Movement, and ... the European Centre of Culture would not have seen the light without him. The Congress of Europe at The Hague was his doing, and the Council of Europe grew out of that."

Source(s): 1979, 1980, 1981, 2008 lists.

Member of the house of Schwarzenberg, one of the largest land owners of Bohemia whose influence goes back centuries. First cousin of Princess Ira and Prince Egon von Fürstenberg and second cousin of Rainier III, Prince of Monaco. The 1,322nd Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece of Austria. After the Communist coup of 1948 in Czechia, his family emigrated to Austria, with Swiss citizenship. Amerged as an anti-communist conservative politician in Austria in the 1960s.

Visitor Bilderberg in 1979, 1980, 1981, 2008. Chair of the International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights 1984-1991. Chancellor to Czech president Vaclav Havel, a close friend, 1991-1992. Founder of the Bohemia Foundation in 1992, and president until its colleapse in the 2000s due to faulthy bookkeeping. Yegor Gaidar was a patron of the Bohemia Foundation. Partners/sponsors were BMW, PriceWaterhouseCoopers, CSOB and Zivnobanka. Member Trilateral Commission.

Minister of Foreign Affairs 2007-2009, 2010-2013. First Deputy Prime Minister of the Czech Republic 2010-2013. Leader of liberal-conservative Czech party Top 09 over 2009-2015.

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